Biblical Figures: Samuel to Absalom
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Questions and Answers

Who was Amos?

Amos was a farmer until he became a prophet who denounced social injustices in Israel.

Who was Philemon?

Philemon was a Christian slave owner who received Paul's letter.

Who was Onesimus?

Philemon's slave who was encouraged to seek forgiveness.

Who was Bathsheba?

<p>David's mistress, mother of Solomon, wife of Uriah</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Adonijah?

<p>He was David's son who tried to set himself up as King when David grew old, he was executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sheshbazzar?

<p>Governor who led the Jews back to Jerusalem and helped build the second temple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Zerubbabel?

<p>Governor who led the rebuilding of the second temple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Nehemiah?

<p>A Jewish exile who was cupbearer to the king and rebuilt Jerusalem's walls post-exile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the "People of the Land"?

<p>Native inhabitants of Judah during return from exile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the "Golahs"?

<p>Jewish exiles returning to Judah after Babylonia exile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Pharisees?

<p>A Jewish sect that believed in strict separation from the gentiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Sadducees?

<p>Jewish sect that denied resurrection and angels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Essenes?

<p>A Jewish sect who lived lives of ritual purity and separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Gnostics?

<p>The Gnostics were a sect of early Christianity who believed in salvation of the soul from the material world through the realization of gnosis (esoteric knowledge). Many Gnostics denied that Jesus was the supreme being who came in flesh, and they considered Jesus to be a human who attained divinity by means of gnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Tertullian?

<p>Said that Greek Philosophy is not needed, because it will pollute the Christians mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Hebron?

<p>City where Abraham settled and David was anointed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Jebus/Jerusalem?

<p>Canaanite city captured by David, Israels capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Thessalonica?

<p>a commercial city with around 100,000 people where Paul established a church</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Nicea?

<p>An ancient city in Bithynia, Council addressing Christ's nature and Nicene Creed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during 540 BCE?

<p>Cyrus' decree allowing Jewish return from Babylon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of a New Age?

<p>A prophetic vision of future peace and restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of a suffering servant?

<p>Someone who suffers for the sins of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which beatitude portrays forgiveness not judgement?

<p>&quot;Blessed are the merciful&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Philemon's story about?

<p>A captivity letter written by Paul about based on the work of love and forgiveness that had been wrought in Philemon's heart by God, show the same to the escaped and now-believing slave Onesimus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a theocracy?

<p>A government controlled by religious leaders/god</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic prophet function?

<p>To relay the message as God received</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "Son of God" refer to?

<p>Humans who have special relationships with god: kings, angels, and Jesus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Messiah mean?

<p>The anointed one</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is royal ideology?

<p>The public's view of the king's responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is royal code?

<p>a group of stipulations in Deuteronomy expected by kings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the roles/functions of Samuel?

<p>Prophet, priest, and a judge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective of the prophet Samuel on monarchy?

<p>Samuel warns the Israelites against establishing a king, highlighting the potential for oppression and loss of freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does Samuel take despite his warnings against monarchy?

<p>Samuel ultimately complies with the Israelites requests and anoints Saul as king as per God's command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subtle elements present in the narrative regarding monarchy?

<p>There are subtle 'pro-monarchy' elements reflecting the later perspective of a unified Israelite kingdom under David, where kingship is viewed more positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is repatriation?

<p>Return of Jews from Babylonia exile to Judah</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Israels idenitity defined by?

<p>Covenant and torah observance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Nehemiahs reform?

<p>Ban on intermarriages to prevent foreign influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ezra's reform?

<p>Ban on sabbath and commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Hellenists?

<p>Greek-speaking Jewish Christians</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a God-fearer?

<p>Gentile who accepts the moral demands of Judaism and participates in various aspects of Jewish life and rituals but, for whatever reason, does not fully convert to Judaism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proselyte?

<p>Gentiles who followed the Jewish God and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Jerusalem Conference and what issues were settled?

<p>A meeting of Christian leaders to resolve disputes over Gentile Christians in the church.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issues were solved by the Jerusalem Conference?

<p>The requirement for Gentile converts to Christianity to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals, and from sexual immorality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Jesus movement from separatism to accommodation?

<p>Initially separatist, Paul argued baptism could replace circumcision, the inclusion of non-Jews</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Who was Amos?

A farmer who became a prophet who denounced social injustices in Israel.

Who was Isaiah?

A prophet who emphasized judgement, salvation, and the Messiah.

Who was Philemon?

A Christian slave owner who received Paul's letter.

Who was Onesimus?

Philemon's slave who was encouraged to seek forgiveness.

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Who was Samuel?

A prophet, priest, and the last judge of Israel, he anointed Saul and David.

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Who was Saul?

The first divinely anointed king of Israel, rejected for disobedience.

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Who was David?

The second king who united Israel and is known for his moral failures.

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Who was Bathsheba?

David's mistress, mother of Solomon, wife of Uriah.

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Who was Uriah?

He was murdered to cover up the adultery committed by King David.

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Who was Amnon?

David's son who raped his half-sister Tamar.

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Who was Tamar?

David's daughter, who was raped by Amnon.

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Who was Absalom?

One of the sons of David who kills his half-brother for raping his sister Tamar and then died in battle.

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Who was Abishag?

Woman served to the old king to help him perform sexually.

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Who was Adonijah?

He was David's son who tried to set himself up as King when David grew old, he was executed.

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Who was Solomon?

Said to be the wisest king contrary of his actions, built the first temple, and worships idols.

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Who was Cyrus?

The Persian king who permitted the Jews to return to Jerusalem.

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Who was Sheshbazzar?

Governor who led the Jews back to Jerusalem and helped build the second temple.

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Who was Zerubbabel?

Governor who led the rebuilding of the second temple.

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Who was Ezra?

High priest, scribe, and governor for Persians in Jerusalem, focused on religious reform after exile, and adhered strictly to laws.

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Who was Nehemiah?

A Jewish exile who was cupbearer to the king and rebuilt Jerusalem's walls post-exile.

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Who were the "People of the Land"?

Native inhabitants of Judah during return from exile.

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Who were the "Golahs"?

Jewish exiles returning to Judah after Babylonia exile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who was Naomi?

Ruth's mother-in-law, supported Ruth after losses.

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Who was Ruth?

Moabite widow, great-grandmother of King David.

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Who was Boaz?

Kinsman-redeemer who married Ruth.

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Who were the Pharisees?

A Jewish sect that believed in strict separation from the gentiles.

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Who were the Sadducees?

Jewish sect that denied resurrection and angels.

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Who were the Essenes?

A Jewish sect who lived lives of ritual purity and separation.

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What was Hebron?

City where Abraham settled and David was annointed.

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What was Jebus/Jerusalem?

Canaanite city captured by David, Israels capital.

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What was Yehud?

Persian province encompassing Judah post-exile.

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What was Thessalonica?

A commercial city with around 100,000 people where Paul established a church.

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What was Nicea?

An ancient city in Bithynia, Council addressing Christ's nature and Nicene Creed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the concept of a New Age?

A prophetic vision of future peace and restoration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the concept of a suffering servant?

Someone who suffers for the sins of others.

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Which beatitude portrays forgiveness not judgement?

"Blessed are the merciful"

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Which beatitude expresses humility not pride?

"Blessed are the poor in spirit..."

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Which beatitude expresses broken hearted not hard hearted?

"Blessed are those who mourn"

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Which beatitude expressed just not status quo?

"Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness"

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What was Philemon's story about?

A captivity letter written by Paul about based on the work of love and forgiveness that had been wrought in Philemon's heart by God, show the same to the escaped and now-believing slave Onesimus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is theocracy?

A government controlled by religious leaders/god

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the basic prophet function?

To relay the message as God recieved

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the term "Son of God" refer to?

Humans who have special relationships with God: kings, angels, and Jesus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Messiah mean?

The anointed one

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is royal ideology?

The public's view of the king's responsibilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is royal code?

A group of stipulations in Deuteronomy expected by kings

Signup and view all the flashcards

What were the roles/functions of Samuel?

Prophet, priest, and a judge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the perspective of the prophet Samuel on monarchy?

Samuel warns the Israelites against establishing a king, highlighting the potential for oppression and loss of freedom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What action does Samuel take despite his warnings against monarchy?

Samuel ultimately complies with the Israelites' request and anoints Saul as king as per God's command.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are subtle elements present in the narrative regarding monarchy?

There are subtle 'pro-monarchy' elements reflecting the later perspective of a unified Israelite kingdom under David, where kingship is viewed more positively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is repatriation?

Return of Jews from Babylonia exile to Judah

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Israel's identity defined by?

Covenant and Torah observance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was Nehemiah's reform?

Ban on intermarriages to prevent foreign influence

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was Ezra's reform?

Ban on Sabbath and commerce

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who were the Hellenists?

Greek-speaking Jewish Christians.

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Who were the Nazarenes?

A group that followed Jesus and believed him to be their savior.

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What is a God-fearer?

Gentile who accepts the moral demands of Judaism and participates in various aspects of Jewish life and rituals but, for whatever reason, does not fully convert to Judaism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a proselyte?

Gentiles who followed the Jewish God and culture

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was the Jerusalem Conference?

A meeting of Christian leaders to resolve disputes over Gentile Christians in the church.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What issues were solved by the Jerusalem Conference?

The requirement for Gentile converts to Christianity to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals, and from sexual immorality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was the Jesus movement from separatism to accommodation?

Initially separatist, Paul argued baptism could replace circumcision, the inclusion of non-Jews.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was the Hebrew/Israelite view of the human composition?

Duality of the body and soul.

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What is the big question of the ethical dimension?

How do we relate to each other as human beings, and how do we relate to God?

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What is the netherworld?

The world of the dead.

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What is Sheol?

The Hebrew name for, the place of the dead.

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What is Mot?

The Canaanite realm of the dead.

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What is Hades?

The Grecian realm of the dead.

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What are the Jewish views of afterlife?

Evolution of beliefs about resurrection and afterlife.

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What is the Jewish idea of resurrection?

Jews believe that the dead will be resurrected and reunited with their souls during the Messianic age.

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What was the Greco-Roman view of afterlife?

A shadowy realm called the Underworld (Hades), where the soul of the deceased would exist after death.

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What is Tartarus?

The deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the gods; a jail in Greek mythology

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What are the Elysian Fields?

The Elysian Fields is a place in the underworld of blessedness in Greek mythology.

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What is Paradise?

Eternal life with God.

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What is eschatology?

Study of the end times.

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What is the Parousia?

The Second Coming of Christ when the Lord will judge the living and the dead.

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What was Paul's view of parousia?

Paul first thought of Parousia as being with the lord forever until he figures out that events must occur before reaching Parousia.

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What is apostasy?

The denial of God and the repudiation of faith.

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What is "the man of lawlessness"?

A figure associated with end times, often interpreted as the antichrist.

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What is the "restraining one"?

The figure or force that holds back the revelation of the 'man of lawlessness,' often interpreted as the Holy Spirit or a governmental authority.

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What is monotheism?

Belief in one God

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What is polytheism?

Belief in many gods

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What is henotheism?

The belief in a single High God with other, subordinate gods

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What is Adoptionism?

Jesus was a mere man who God adopted and inspired with the Spirit.

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What is "Ditheism"?

Belief in two gods

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What is gnosis?

Secret knowledge

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What is Trinitas?

The doctrine that there is one God in three persons: Father, Son and the Holy Spirit.

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How did the Gentiles view God?

They viewed God as a Ditheist, God of the Jews in the Old Testament and Father of Jesus in the New Testament.

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How did the Gentiles View Jesus?

They viewed Jesus as fully divine and not human, his body was a phantasm

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How did Gnostic Christians view God?

They viewed him as polytheistic.

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How did the Proto-Orthodox view God?

They viewed him as one God but also recognized the Trinity, 3 distinct persons, one God head.

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How did the Proto-orthodox view Christ?

They viewed Jesus/Christ as being fully divine and fully human, one being.

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Who were the 8th century prophets?

Isaiah, Amos, Hosea, Micah

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What was the first major concept in Isaiah?

Demand for justice.

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What was the second major concept in Isaiah?

Vision for a new age.

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What was the third major concept in Isaiah?

Suffering servant.

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What were the 4 captivity letters?

Ephesians, Phillippians, Colossians, Philemon

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What are the expectations of a king in royal ideology?

Maintain justice, take up the cause of the socially marginalized, establish peace and harmony, ensure prosperity for all.

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What are the four stipulations of royal code?

Cannot be a foreigners, cannot have a standing army, cannot have a harem, cannot amass great wealth, must study from the Torah

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What are the three means of David establishing his administration?

Political alliances, military conquests, and religious reforms.

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What is the first stage of immigrancy to Yehud?

First wave, 538 BCE, Sheshbazzar

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What is the second stage of immigrancy to Yehud?

Second wave, 520 BCE, Zerubbabel, finished the temple

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What was the third stage of immigrancy to Yehud?

Third wave, 440s BCE, Nehemiah governor

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What was the fourth stage of immigrancy to Yehud?

Fourth wave, 440s BCE, Ezra high priest

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What are the three means of cultural interaction?

Intermarriage, syncretism, and adoption of Greek culture.

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What are the three cautionary words to Gentiles joining the Jesus movement?

Do not adopt the Jewish law unnecessarily, be cautious of false teachings, avoid causing division.

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What are the three functions of doctrines?

To clarify and defend the faith, to guide ethical living, to unite the community around shared beliefs.

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What is the first concern of the Thessalonian Church?

Persecution and suffering

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What is the second concern in the Thessalonian church?

The return of Christ

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What is the third concern in the Thessalonian church?

Holiness and moral purity

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What is the fourth concern in the thessalonian church?

Encouragement during difficult times

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What were the three events before Parousia?

The rise of false teachers, the apostasy, the coming of Christ in glory.

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What were Paul's views on Parousia before they changed?

Paul first thought of Parousia as being with the lord forever until he figures out that events must occur before reaching Parousia

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Study Notes

Amos

  • Amos was a farmer who became a prophet
  • He denounced social injustices in Israel

Isaiah

  • Isaiah was a prophet
  • He emphasized judgment, salvation, and the Messiah

Philemon

  • Philemon was a Christian slave owner
  • Paul's letter was sent to him

Onesimus

  • Onesimus was a slave
  • He was encouraged to seek forgiveness

Samuel

  • Samuel was a prophet, priest, and the last judge of Israel
  • He anointed Saul and David

Saul

  • The first divinely anointed king of Israel
  • Rejected for disobedience

David

  • The second king who united Israel
  • Known for moral failures
  • Had an affair with Bathsheba
  • Uriah was murdered to cover up the adultery

Bathsheba

  • David's mistress
  • Mother of Solomon
  • Wife of Uriah

Uriah

  • He was murdered to cover up David's adultery

Amnon

  • David's son who raped his half-sister Tamar

Tamar

  • David's daughter
  • Raped by Amnon

Absalom

  • David's son
  • Killed his half-brother Amnon for raping Tamar
  • Died in battle

Abishag

  • Woman who served the old king to help him perform sexually

Adonijah

  • David's son who tried to become king

Solomon

  • David's son
  • Became king
  • Considered the wisest king
  • Built the first temple
  • Worshipped idols

Cyrus

  • The Persian king who permitted the Jews to return to Jerusalem

Sheshbazzar

  • Governor who led the Jews back to Jerusalem and helped build the second temple

Zerubbabel

  • Governor who led the rebuilding of the second temple

Ezra

  • High priest, scribe, and governor for Persians in Jerusalem
  • Focused on religious reform after exile
  • Adhered strictly to laws

Nehemiah

  • Jewish exile
  • Cupbearer to the king
  • Rebuilt Jerusalem's walls post-exile

People of the Land

  • Native inhabitants of Judah during return from exile

Golahs

  • Jewish exiles returning to Judah

Naomi

  • Ruth's mother-in-law
  • Supported Ruth after losses

Ruth

  • Moabite widow
  • Great-grandmother of King David

Boaz

  • Kinsman-redeemer who married Ruth

Pharisees

  • Jewish sect that believed in strict separation from the Gentiles

Sadducees

  • Jewish sect that denied resurrection and angels

Essenes

  • Jewish sect who lived lives of ritual purity and separation

Peter

  • Apostle who became the bishop of Rome (pope)

Cornelius

  • Gentile converted by Peter

James

  • Brother of Jesus
  • Leader of the early church in Jerusalem

Ebionites

  • Early Christians who believed that Christians can only be Jewish

Gnostics

  • Sect of early Christianity
  • Believed in salvation of the soul from the material world

Docetics

  • Christian sect that believed Jesus was divine and did not have a real human body

Marcion

  • Made himself a Christian leader but tried to purge Christianity of everything Jewish

Tertullian

  • Said Greek Philosophy isn't needed because it will pollute the Christians' minds

Hebron

  • City where Abraham settled and David was anointed

Jebus/Jerusalem

  • Canaanite city captured by David
  • Israel's capital

Yehud

  • Persian province encompassing Judah post-exile

Thessalonica

  • A commercial city with ~100,000 people
  • Where Paul established a church

Nicea

  • Ancient city in Bithynia
  • Council addressing Christ's nature and Nicene Creed

540 BCE

  • Cyrus' decree allowing Jewish return from Babylon

520 BCE

  • Approximate date of the rebuilding of the second temple

325 CE

  • First council of Nicaea, addressing Christ's nature and Nicene Creed

New Age

  • Prophetic vision of future peace and restoration

Suffering Servant

  • Someone who suffers for the sins of others

Blessed are the peacemakers

  • Beatitude that portrays forgiveness over judgement

Poor in spirit

  • Beatitude that expresses humility and not pride

Mourn

  • Beatitude that expresses broken hearts

Blessed are the meek (or those with humility)

  • Beatitude that expresses brokenhearted, not hardhearted

Theocracy

  • Government controlled by religious leaders

Son of God

  • Term for relationships with God: kings, angels, and Jesus

Messiah

  • The anointed one

Royal Ideology

  • Public's view of the king's responsibilities

Royal Code

  • Group of stipulations in Deuteronomy expected by kings

Prophet Samuel

  • Prophet, priest, and judge
  • Warned against monarchy

Samuel's Action on Monarchy

  • Despite warnings, he anoints Saul as king per God's command

Monarchy

  • Subtle elements supporting monarchy show in the narrative as kingship is seen even more positively

Repatriation

  • Return of Jews from Babylonia exile to Judah

Israel's Identity

  • Defined by covenant and Torah observance

Ezra's Reform

  • Ban on sabbath and commerce intermarriages to prevent foreign influence

Hellenists

  • Greek-speaking Jewish Christians

God-fearers

  • Gentiles who accept Judaism's moral demands and participate in rituals but don't fully convert

Proselytes

  • Gentiles who followed the Jewish God and culture

Jerusalem Conference

  • Christian leaders resolved disputes over Gentile Christians

Jesus Movement

  • Initially separatist, Paul argued baptism could replace circumcision, and include non-Jews

Hebrew/Israelite View of Human Composition

  • Duality of body and soul

Netherworld

  • World of the dead

Mot

  • Hebrew name for the place of the dead

Sheol

  • Canaanite realm of the dead

Hades

  • Grecian realm of the dead

Afterlife

  • Evolution of beliefs about resurrection and afterlife

Jewish Idea of Resurrection

  • Dead will be resurrected during the Messianic age

Greco-Roman View of Afterlife

  • Shadowy realm called the Underworld

Tartarus

  • Deep abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the gods in Greek mythology

Elysian Fields

  • Place in the underworld of blessedness in Greek mythology

Paradise

  • Eternal life with God

Eschatology

  • Study of the end times

Parousia

  • Second Coming of Christ judging the living and the dead

Apostasy

  • Denial of God and repudiation of faith

Man of Lawlessness

  • Figure associated with end times, often interpreted as the anti-Christ

Restraining One

  • Figure or force that holds back revelation

Monotheism

  • Belief in one God

Polytheism

  • Belief in many gods

Henotheism

  • Belief in a single High God with other subordinate gods

Adoptionism

  • Jesus was a mere man God adopted and inspired

Ditheism

  • Belief in two gods

Gnosis

  • Secret knowledge

Trinitas

  • Doctrine of one God in three persons: Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit

Gentile View of God

  • Viewed God as a ditheist (two gods)

Gentile View of Jesus

  • Viewed Jesus as fully divine and not human in body

Gnostic Christian view of God

  • Viewed God as polytheistic

Prophets

  • Isaiah, Amos, Hosea, Micah
  • Focus on concepts like justice, suffering servant

Royal Ideology and Conduct

  • King's expected roles (justice, peace, harmony, prosperity)
  • Royal code's stipulations (no foreigners, standing army, harems, wealth accumulation, Torah study).

Stages of Immigration to Yehud

  • First wave (538 BCE, Sheshbazzar)
  • Second wave (520 BCE, Zerubbabel)
  • Third wave (440s BCE, Nehemiah)
  • Fourth wave (440s BCE, Ezra)

Cultural Interaction

  • Syncretism, intermarriage, adoption of Greek culture
  • Cautionary words to Gentiles(don't adopt Jewish law unnecessarily, be cautious false teachings, avoid causing division)
  • Functions of doctrines (clarify, defend faith, guide ethical living, unite community)
  • Concerns of the Thessalonian Church (persecution, return of Christ, holiness, encouragement)

Events Before the Parousia

  • Rise of false teachers, Apostasy, Coming of Christ in glory

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Explore the complex stories of key biblical figures ranging from prophets like Samuel and Isaiah to the tragic tales of David's family involving betrayal and moral failings. This quiz will test your knowledge on their lives, relationships, and significant events that shaped their narratives in the scriptures.

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