BI 131 Exam 5 Study Notes

BI 131 Exam 5 - Study Notes

• Exam Color: The exam color is not specified and is a distractor question.

• Element Example: Salt (NaCl) is an example of an element.

• Four Most Common Elements: The four most common elements in living organisms are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

• Trace Element: Iron is a trace element essential for life.

• Protein Monomers: Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.

• Simple Sugar: Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide).

• Protein Shape Determination: A protein's function depends on its shape, which is determined by the sequence of amino acids.

• Atomic Nucleus: Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus of an atom.

• Water Molecule Bonds: Hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule are held together by covalent bonds.

• Charged Atom: An atom with an electrical charge is called an ion.

• Water Molecule Interactions: Adjacent water molecules interact through polar and covalent bonds.

• Human Body Water Percentage: Human body cells are approximately 70-95% water.

• Water Freezing: As water freezes, its molecules move farther apart.

• Base Function: A base removes H+ from a solution.

• Protein Polymer Monomer: Amino acids are the monomers for proteins.

• Organelle for Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

• Cytoskeleton Components: Microtubules, cilia, and flagella are components of the cytoskeleton.

• Aerobic Process Requirement: Aerobic processes require oxygen.

• Human Classification: Humans are heterotrophs and consumers.

• Cellular Respiration Waste Products: The waste products of cellular respiration are water and carbon dioxide.

• Plant Cell Feature: Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria.

• Photosynthesis Gas Consumption: Carbon dioxide is consumed during photosynthesis.

• Photosynthesis Location: The Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis occurs within the stroma of chloroplasts.

• Cellular Respiration Energy Source: The ultimate source of energy in food is the sun.

• Cellular Work Energy: ATP directly provides energy for cellular work.

• Cellular Respiration Stage: Glycolysis is the only stage independent from other cellular respiration phases.

• NADH Producer: The citric acid cycle produces the most NADH.

• Cytoplasm Process: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

• Electron Sharing Bond: Covalent bonds share electrons.

• Enzyme Characteristic: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, without being consumed during the reaction.

• Eukaryotic Energy Production Organelle: Mitochondria are responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells.

• Plasma Membrane Function: The primary function of the plasma membrane is regulating chemical traffic in and out of the cell.

• Electron Transport Chain Final Acceptor: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

• Photosynthesis Gas Consumed: Plants consume carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

• Golgi Apparatus Function: Protein modification is a function of the Golgi Apparatus.

• Cellular Organelle for Digestion: Lysosomes are responsible for digestion of organic matter within cells.

• Organelle Associated with Shipping: The Golgi apparatus is like a shipping center in a cell.

• Cytoskeleton Component: Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton.

• Cellular Component for Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

• Component of Cytoskeleton: Cilia, Flagella, and Microtubules are components of the cytoskeleton.