भौतिकी: गति और बल सिद्धांत

NEET UG Physics Syllabus (NMC)

• Unit 1: Physics and Measurement Covers units of measurement, Systems of Units (SI units), fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements, Dimensions of physical quantities, and dimensional analysis.

• Unit 2: Kinematics Includes the frame of reference, motion in a straight line, position-time graphs, speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, scalar and vector quantities, vector addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, unit vectors, resolution of a vector, relative velocity, motion in a plane, projectile motion, and uniform circular motion.

• Unit 3: Laws of Motion Covers force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion, momentum, Newton's Second law of motion, impulse, Newton's Third law of motion, Law of conservation of linear momentum, its applications, equilibrium of concurrent forces, static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, and rolling friction. Also includes dynamics of uniform circular motion, centripetal force, and applications like vehicles on level circular roads and banked roads.

• Unit 4: Work, Energy, and Power Discusses work done by a constant force and variable force, kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, and power. Covers potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces, and motion in a vertical circle. Includes elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

• Unit 5: Rotational Motion Explores the centre of mass of a two-particle system and a rigid body. Includes basic concepts of rotational motion, moment of a force (torque), angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and its applications. Examines moment of inertia and the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications in rotational motion, equilibrium of rigid bodies, and comparison with linear motion.

• Unit 6: Gravitation Covers the universal law of gravitation, acceleration due to gravity, its variation with altitude and depth, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, gravitational potential energy, gravitational potential, escape velocity, motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, and time period and energy of satellite.

• Unit 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids Explores elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Discusses pressure due to a fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications, effect of gravity on fluid pressure, viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem, and its applications. Also covers surface energy, surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Covers heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacities, calorimetry, change in state, latent heat, heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation).

• Unit 8: Thermodynamics Introduces thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature, heat, work, and internal energy. Explores the first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes, second law of thermodynamics (reversible and irreversible processes).

• Unit 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases Examines the equation of state of a perfect gas, work done of compressing a gas, kinetic theory of gases, assumptions, the concept of pressure, kinetic interpretation of temperature (RMS speed of gas molecules), degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, application to specific heat capacities of gases, mean free path, and Avogadro's number.

• Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves Discusses oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, and displacement as a function of time. Explains periodic functions, simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation, phase, oscillations of a spring, restoring force and force constant, and energy in SHM (kinetic and potential energies). Provides additional concepts on simple pendulum, derivation of expression for its time period, wave motion (longitudinal and transverse waves), speed of travelling wave, displacement relation, principle of superposition, reflection of waves; standing waves, reflection of waves, standing waves, and harmonics, beats..

• Unit 11: Electrostatics Details electric charges (conservation of charge), Coulomb's law, forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges (superposition principle), and continuous charge distribution. Explores electric field due to point charges and electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, electric flux, Gauss's theorem, its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Explores electrical potential, potential difference, and equipotential surfaces. Electric potential energy, conductors, insulators, dielectrics, electrical polarization, capacitors and capacitances, combinations of capacitors, electrical energy stored in a capacitor

• Unit 12: Current Electricity Expands on electric current, drift velocity, mobility, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.

• Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Explores Biot-Savart law, applications, Ampère's law, applications, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between parallel current-carrying conductors, definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter, current loops as magnetic dipoles, magnetic dipole moment, magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, Torque on a magnetic dipole, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, temperature effects on magnetic properties.

• Unit 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Details electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current, Lenz's Law, eddy currents, self inductance, mutual inductance, alternating currents, peak and RMS values of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, wattles current, AC generator, and transformer.

• Unit 15: Electromagnetic Waves Covers displacement current, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, transverse nature, electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays), and their applications.

• Unit 16: Optics Discusses reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, lens-maker formula, total internal reflection and applications, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses, refraction of light through a prism, microscopes, and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting), and their magnifying powers.

• Unit 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Explains dual nature of radiation, photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of light, matter waves, and de Broglie relation.

• Unit 18: Atoms and Nuclei Details alpha- particle scattering experiments, Rutherford's model of atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum, composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon, variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

• Unit 19: Electronic Devices Presents semiconductors, semiconductor diode, I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, I-V characteristics of LED, the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator, logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR).

• Unit 20: Experimental Skills Includes familiarity with basic approach and observations of experiments, and activities relating to vernier calipers, screw gauge, simple pendulum, meter scale, Young's modulus of elasticity, surface tension, coefficient of viscosity, speed of sound, specific heat capacity, resistivity, resistance, and galvanometer measurements.

इस क्विज़ में गति और बल के नियमों के विभिन्न पहलुओं का परीक्षण किया जाएगा। आप जड़त्व, केंद्रक बल, और अन्य भौतिकी के सिद्धांतों के बारे में अपने ज्ञान को आंकेंगे। यह क्विज़ भौतिकी के छात्रों के लिए विशेष रूप से उपयोगी है।