Beta-Lactam and Cephalosporin Antibiotics
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Questions and Answers

Which beta-lactam antibiotic is known for having broad-spectrum coverage, including against Gram-negative bacteria?

  • Methicillin
  • Penicillin G
  • Cephalexin
  • Carbapenems (correct)

What is the primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

  • Inhibit DNA gyrase
  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibit folic acid synthesis
  • Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit (correct)

Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for treating MRSA infections?

  • Ceftaroline (correct)
  • Cefepime
  • Penicillin V
  • Vancomycin

What is the consequence of using chloramphenicol in infants?

<p>Grey baby syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is an effective treatment for UTI while targeting multiple cellular processes?

<p>Nitrofurantoin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main side effect associated with tetracyclines?

<p>Discoloration of teeth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents does NOT have an effect on DNA synthesis?

<p>Trimethoprim (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial resistance testing method is used for vancomycin-resistant strains?

<p>van A PCR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly used medication inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, making it effective against Mycobacterium?

<p>Isoniazid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal agent is primarily used for severe systemic fungal infections but has a risk of nephrotoxicity?

<p>Amphotericin B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following beta-lactam antibiotics with their characteristics:

<p>Penicillin G/V = Treats streptococcal infections, Gram-positive Methicillin/Oxacillin = Resistance to beta-lactamase, Gram-positive Carbapenems = Broadest spectrum for severe infections Cephalosporins 5th Generation = Covers MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protein synthesis inhibitors with their unique features:

<p>Aminoglycosides = Broad-spectrum, binds 30S Macrolides = Used for penicillin-allergic patients Chloramphenicol = Reserved for serious infections Tetracyclines = Deposits in teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antifungal agents with their specific uses:

<p>Amphotericin B = Drug of choice for severe fungal infections 5-Fluorocytosine = Effective against Cryptococcus Caspofungin = Effective against Candida and Aspergillus Azoles = Inhibits sterol synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications with their corresponding actions:

<p>Isoniazid = Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis Fluoroquinolones = Inhibits DNA gyrase, stops replication Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole = Inhibits folic acid synthesis Rifampin = Inhibits DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antimycobacterial agents with their side effects:

<p>Ethambutol = Can cause optic neuritis Isoniazid = Can cause hepatitis Pyrazinamide = Causes GI upset Rifampin = Can alter body fluids color</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell membrane disruptors with their targets:

<p>Bacitracin = Inhibits peptidoglycan addition, Gram-positive Polymyxins = Disrupts outer membrane, Gram-negative Vancomycin = Interferes with cross-linking of peptidoglycan Ampicillin = Broad-spectrum, affects cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antiviral agents with their specific targets:

<p>Acyclovir = Effective against Herpes Ribavirin = Effective against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Neuraminidase inhibitors = Inhibits Influenza A and B M2 Inhibitor = Inhibits Influenza A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antimicrobial resistance testing methods with their targets:

<p>MRSA testing = mecA gene produces altered PBP2a VRSA testing = Test with Etest ESBL testing = Test with and without clavulanic acid Glycopeptide testing = van A PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following agents with their mechanisms of action:

<p>Chloramphenicol = 50S binding, risk of 'grey baby syndrome' Macrolides = Binds 50S, used for streptococcal infections Polymyxins = Disrupts outer membrane integrity Nitrofurantoin = Targets multiple cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following generations of cephalosporins with their properties:

<p>1st Generation = Cephalexin, Gram-positive spectrum 2nd Generation = Cefuroxime, extended spectrum for Gram-negative 4th Generation = Cefepime, coverage for third-generation resistant bacteria 3rd Generation = Ceftriaxone, used for central-nervous system infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A class of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with peptidoglycan formation.

Penicillin G/V

Beta-lactam antibiotics effective against Gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus.

Methicillin/Oxacillin

Beta-lactam antibiotics resistant to bacterial enzymes that break them down (beta-lactamases).

Ampicillin/Carbenicillin

Broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics effective against a wide range of bacteria.

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Carbapenems

Beta-lactam antibiotics with the broadest spectrum, used for severe bacterial infections.

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Vancomycin

Glycopeptide antibiotic that interferes with bacterial cell wall cross-linking, has a narrow therapeutic index.

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1st Generation Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins effective mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.

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2nd Generation Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins with an expanded spectrum of action, including Gram-negative bacteria.

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3rd Generation Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins effective against a wider range of bacteria, including those causing central nervous system infections

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4th Generation Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins that can treat 3rd generation resistant bacteria effectively.

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5th Generation Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins that can combat infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

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Cell Membrane Disruptors

Antibiotics that damage the bacterial cell membrane, disrupting its structure.

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Bacitracin

Antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan addition in Gram-positive bacteria.

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Polymyxins

Antibiotics that target the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

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Aminoglycosides

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, with a narrow therapeutic index.

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Aminoglycoside Examples (e.g., Tobramycin/Gentamicin)

Aminoglycosides requiring careful monitoring of dosages due to potential toxicity.

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Tetracyclines

Broad-spectrum antibiotics that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and can cause tooth discoloration.

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Macrolides

Antibiotics that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit, used as an alternative for penicillin-allergic patients.

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Erythromycin

Macrolide antibiotic effective against streptococcal infections.

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Chloramphenicol

50S ribosomal subunit inhibitor, reserved for severe infections due to potential toxicity (grey baby syndrome).

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Folic Acid Inhibitors

Antibiotics that interfere with the synthesis of folic acid, necessary for bacterial growth.

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Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

Combination antibiotic that inhibits folate synthesis, often used for UTIs.

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DNA Synthesis Inhibitors

Antibiotics that disrupt bacterial DNA replication, transcription or repair.

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Nalidixic Acid

Antibiotic that inhibits DNA synthesis, used for UTI treatment.

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Fluoroquinolones

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing DNA replication.

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Nitrofurantoin

Antibiotic used to treat UTIs, targeting multiple cellular processes.

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Rifampin

Antibiotic inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, used for Mycobacterium infections.

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Metronidazole

Antibiotic causing DNA damage under anaerobic conditions, used for anaerobic infections.

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Antimycobacterial Agents

Drugs specifically targeted at Mycobacterium infections.

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Isoniazid

Antimycobacterial that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, potential for liver damage.

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Ethambutol

Inhibits cell wall formation in mycobacteria, can cause vision problems.

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Pyrazinamide

Lowers the pH to inhibit mycobacterial growth, may cause stomach issues.

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Antifungal Agents

Drugs used to treat fungal infections.

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Amphotericin B

Drug of choice for severe fungal infections, but has kidney toxicity.

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Azoles

Anti-fungal that inhibit sterol synthesis, important for maintaining cell membrane structure.

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5-Fluorocytosine

Anti-fungal effective against Cryptococcus, but may suppress bone marrow.

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Caspofungin

Antifungal agent effective against Candida and Aspergillus, but not effective against Cryptococcus.

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Antiviral Agents

Drugs that fight viral infections.

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Acyclovir

Antiviral drug effective against herpes viruses.

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Ribavirin

Antiviral drug effective against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

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Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Antivirals used against Influenza A and B, blocking viral spread.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Testing

Methods to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics against resistant bacteria

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MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium resistant to common antibiotics.

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VRSA

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Requires special testing for treatment.

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Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting peptidoglycan.

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Penicillin G/V

Beta-lactams effective against Gram-positive bacteria, like Strep.

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Methicillin/Oxacillin

Beta-lactams resistant to bacterial enzymes (beta-lactamases).

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Ampicillin/Carbenicillin

Broad-spectrum beta-lactams effective against various bacteria.

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Carbapenems

Broadest-spectrum beta-lactams, for severe infections.

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Vancomycin

Glycopeptide antibiotic that interferes with cell wall cross-linking, low therapeutic window.

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1st Gen Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria.

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2nd Gen Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins with increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

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3rd Gen Cephalosporins

Effective against wider range of bacteria, including CNS infections.

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4th Gen Cephalosporins

Treats bacteria resistant to 3rd generation Cephs.

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5th Gen Cephalosporins

Effectiv against MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).

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Cell Membrane Disruptors

Antibiotics that damage bacterial cell membranes.

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Bacitracin

Inhibits peptidoglycan addition in Gram-positive bacteria.

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Polymyxins

Disrupt the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria.

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Aminoglycosides

Inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 30S ribosome, narrow therapeutic index.

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Aminoglycosides (e.g., Tobramycin/Gentamicin)

Need careful monitoring for potential toxicity.

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Tetracyclines

Inhibit protein synthesis, 30S ribosome, teeth discoloration.

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Macrolides

Inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 50S ribosome. penicillin alternate.

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Erythromycin

Treats streptococcal infections.

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Chloramphenicol

50S ribosome inhibitor, serious infections only, risk of 'grey baby syndrome'.

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Folic Acid Inhibitors

Disrupt bacterial growth by interfering with folate synthesis.

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Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

Combination drug inhibiting folate synthesis.

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Study Notes

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis by targeting peptidoglycan
  • Penicillin G and V: Active against gram-positive bacteria, used to treat streptococcal infections.
  • Methicillin/Oxacillin: Active against gram-positive bacteria, resistant to beta-lactamases.
  • Ampicillin/Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum, effective against a wider range of bacteria.
  • Carbapenems: Broadest spectrum, used for severe infections.
  • Vancomycin: Glycopeptide, interferes with cross-linking, has a narrow therapeutic index (requires careful monitoring).

Cephalosporins

  • First Generation (Cephalexin/Cephalothin): Active against gram-positive bacteria.
  • Second Generation (Cefuroxime): Extended spectrum, effective against gram-negative bacteria.
  • Third Generation (Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime): Used for central nervous system infections.
  • Fourth Generation (Cefepime): Effective against some third-generation resistant bacteria.
  • Fifth Generation (Ceftaroline): Effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Cell Membrane Disruptors

  • Bacitracin: Active against gram-positive bacteria, inhibits peptidoglycan addition.
  • Polymyxins: Active against gram-negative bacteria, disrupt the outer membrane.

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

  • Aminoglycosides: Broad-spectrum, bind to 30S ribosomes; have a narrow therapeutic index (require careful monitoring).
    • Tobramycin/Gentamicin: Example aminoglycosides needing close monitoring for toxicity.
  • Tetracyclines: Broad-spectrum, bind to 30S ribosomes; can deposit in teeth.
  • Macrolides: Bind to 50S ribosomes, used for patients allergic to penicillins.
    • Erythromycin: Example macrolide used to treat streptococcal infections.
  • Chloramphenicol: Binds to 50S ribosomes, reserved for serious infections; associated with "grey baby syndrome".

Folic Acid Inhibitors

  • Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole: Treats chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs), inhibit folic acid synthesis.

DNA Synthesis Inhibitors

  • Nalidixic Acid: Treats UTIs, inhibits DNA synthesis.
  • Fluoroquinolones: Inhibit DNA gyrase, stopping DNA replication.
  • Nitrofurantoin: UTI treatment, targets multiple cellular processes.
  • Rifampin: Inhibits DNA polymerase; effective against Mycobacterium species.
  • Metronidazole: Causes DNA breaks under anaerobic conditions; produces a metallic taste as a side effect.

Antimycobacterial Agents

  • Isoniazid: Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis; can cause hepatitis.
  • Ethambutol: Inhibits cell wall formation; can cause optic neuritis.
  • Pyrazinamide: Lowers pH; can cause gastrointestinal upset.

Antifungal Agents

  • Amphotericin B: Drug of choice for severe fungal infections; has nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) risk.
  • Azoles: Inhibit sterol synthesis.
  • 5-Fluorocytosine: Effective against Cryptococcus species; can depress bone marrow.
  • Caspofungin: Effective against Candida and Aspergillus; not effective against Cryptococcus.

Antiviral Agents

  • Acyclovir: Effective against herpes viruses.
  • Ribavirin: Effective against respiratory syncytial viruses.
  • M2 Inhibitor: Inhibits influenza A virus.
  • Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Inhibit influenza A and B viruses.

Antimicrobial Resistance Testing

  • MRSA: mecA gene produces an altered penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a).
  • VRSA: Tested using an Etest.
  • ESBL: Tested using a method involving clavulanic acid.
  • Clindamycin Resistance (Erm gene): Tested for the presence of the Erm gene.
  • Carbapenemase: Modified Hodge Test.
  • Glycopeptides (Vancomycin resistance): van A PCR.
  • Oxacillin Resistance: Cefoxitin Disk test.
  • Penicillin Resistance (Beta-lactamase): Tested for the presence of beta-lactamase.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the mechanisms and classifications of beta-lactam antibiotics and cephalosporins. You'll learn about their action against different types of bacteria and the specific antibiotics used for various infections. Test your knowledge on these crucial medications and their clinical applications.

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