Bernstein's Language Codes and Education
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes elaborated codes in language usage?

  • Simple vocabulary and concrete ideas
  • Predictable meanings and straightforward communication
  • Context-dependent and collective expressions
  • Complex vocabulary and abstract ideas (correct)

    • How do restricted codes typically function in communication?

  • They convey direct meanings and are context dependent. (correct)
  • They require detailed explanations for clarity.
  • They are often used by the middle class and emphasize individual expression.
  • They are designed for ambiguous and abstract discussions.

    • What educational advantage do middle-class children typically have?

  • They naturally learn elaborated codes faster. (correct)
  • They are primarily taught using direct definitions.
  • They do not need to engage with the elaborated code.
  • They are more likely to understand restricted codes.

    • Which statement accurately reflects Bernstein's findings about working-class students?

    <p>They face challenges learning the elaborated code before acquiring new knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do elaborated codes play within the educational system?

    <p>They support abstract thinking and higher-level understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes restricted codes from elaborated codes?

    <p>Restricted codes rely on already understood meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might working-class speech clash with middle-class teachers?

    <p>Middle-class teachers rely on elaborated codes that differ from restricted codes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding language codes in education?

    <p>Elaborated codes play a crucial role in educational success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of ingratiators in school subcultures?

    <p>They try to earn the favour of teachers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did working-class boys in Mac an Ghaill's study react to their expectation of leaving school?

    <p>They developed outdated views of masculinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the group of middle-class students who aspires to higher education but mocks school values?

    <p>Real Englishmen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of racism includes subtle cultural biases in the curriculum?

    <p>Cultural racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many permanent exclusions from UK schools occur each year, according to Hughes and Church?

    <p>8,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program is designed to serve the poorest pre-school children in the UK?

    <p>Sure Start programmes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of engaging students through extended schools, according to Wilkin et al.?

    <p>Improvement in behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary demographic affected by unauthorised absence from school in the UK?

    <p>Working-class students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'crisis of masculinity' refer to in Mac an Ghaill's study?

    <p>Job scarcity leading to outdated masculine views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group focuses on developing practical skills for the changing labour market?

    <p>New enterprisers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is overt racism experienced by minority ethnic groups in schools?

    <p>As negative peer interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of UK teachers are drawn from ethnic minorities, according to Ross?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Education Action Zones aimed at improving?

    <p>Educational services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mirza identify about Supplementary Schools in her study?

    <p>They reflect parent dissatisfaction with schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages is NOT mentioned as being used in Mauritian education?

    <p>Spanish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do middle-class students have in educational settings according to the content?

    <p>Fluency in the language of education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'cultural deprivation' imply regarding working-class students?

    <p>They lack full integration into the education system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the underachievement of working-class students?

    <p>School funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way do middle-class women have an advantage regarding school decision-making?

    <p>Greater involvement in decision-making processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does labeling theory mainly explore?

    <p>How teachers classify and stereotype students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes how teacher expectations can influence student performance?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did MacDonald and Marsh (2005) conclude about the concept of an underclass?

    <p>There is no evidence of a distinct underclass culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an in-school factor influencing student achievement?

    <p>Parental support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that parental attitudes may not hinder working-class students' education?

    <p>Many working-class parents actively engage in their children's education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do social class and ethnicity relate to student labeling according to the content?

    <p>They influence perceptions and classifications of students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term ‘cultural capital’ refer to in the context of education?

    <p>The student’s experience and skills acquired from home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors shape students' self-perceptions according to labelling theory?

    <p>Teacher opinions and peer interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way working-class students might overcome disadvantages in the classroom?

    <p>By employing enough cultural capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response is characterized by African-Caribbean boys who accepted the white cultural values of the school?

    <p>Passive acceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Asian girls is known to adopt an 'Us and Them' attitude, often opposing the school culture?

    <p>The Gang</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subcultural response involves individuals who distance themselves from their own cultural background while succeeding academically?

    <p>The Rebels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assertion of the Marxist perspective regarding educational disadvantages?

    <p>Class is the primary source of educational disadvantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethnic group achieves higher-than-average educational qualifications in the UK?

    <p>Asians and Indians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is noted about gender differences in educational achievement among lower-class individuals?

    <p>Boys and girls have similar performance levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Asian girls was perceived as 'ideal pupils' engaged in academic success?

    <p>The Survivors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are noted as having an interplay affecting educational achievement?

    <p>Social class, gender, and ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of girls focused on promoting positive relations while being aware of racism in schools?

    <p>The Faith girls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has shifted in the research focus regarding female educational performance over the past 50 years?

    <p>Explaining how girls cope with school disadvantages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of inequality is argued to be the most significant in terms of disparity in educational achievement?

    <p>Class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do passive resistors maintain their relationship with the school environment?

    <p>Through minor acts of deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the conclusion of Gillborn and Mirza regarding dimensions of inequality?

    <p>Class is the most significant in educational achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does religion play for Faith girls in the context of education according to their identity development?

    <p>It helps in connecting positively with education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'feminisation of schooling' refer to?

    <p>Curricula and assessment methods favoring female ways of learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of girls, according to Lees (1993), valued education as enjoyable and worthwhile?

    <p>Pro-education girls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of boys is characterized as generally conformist and pro-school?

    <p>Boffin boys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is seen as contributing to male underachievement according to New Right educational concerns?

    <p>Educational reforms that benefit girls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behaviour is typically viewed as normal for boys in the classroom setting?

    <p>Loud and boisterous activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the attitude of anti-education girls?

    <p>They view school as a burden on their path to adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do teacher expectations vary between boys and girls in the classroom?

    <p>Boys may have their disruptive behavior normalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been identified as a consequence of the lack of male role models in primary schools?

    <p>Challenges for boys in relating to school culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has there been a shift in parental attitudes towards female education?

    <p>A significant rise in women's participation in the labor force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical behavior may lead to the development of ‘anti-pupil’ subcultures in boys?

    <p>Punishment for natural masculine behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with New Wave girls according to Blackman (1995)?

    <p>Increased confidence to challenge patriarchal ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theme in boys' attitudes towards education, as presented in the content?

    <p>Desire for qualifications without valuing the educational process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of subjects are boys perceived to be disadvantaged by in the educational system?

    <p>Courses with a focus on softer, less rigorous content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant shift in the opportunities available to teenage girls regarding femininity?

    <p>A broader range of career opportunities that reflect different femininities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Francis and Skelton identify as a common explanation for female educational achievement?

    <p>The focus on female-friendly teaching practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do societal perceptions of male and female educational roles influence parental views?

    <p>Parents alter their perceptions of children's future adult roles based on gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism do some scholars have regarding the focus on female achievement?

    <p>It assumes all girls perform better than boys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marxists argue that educational achievement differences are primarily influenced by what factor?

    <p>Social class divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of educational achievement do Jones and Myhill (2004) link to male identities?

    <p>Masculine traits that emphasize physicality, affecting academic success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend has been observed concerning educational underachievement among different genders?

    <p>Working-class and minority ethnic girls' underachievement is often overlooked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes female achievements in an educational context?

    <p>Understanding exam requirements and fulfilling them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Gorard et al. (2001) conclude regarding male and female attainment in specific subjects?

    <p>There is no significant gender difference at the lowest attainment levels in subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main point does Walker (1996) express regarding changing conceptions of masculinity?

    <p>Many young men struggle to navigate educational demands in a changing world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the feminisation of schooling have according to some researchers?

    <p>Can disadvantage boys due to lack of male role models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to recent perspectives on gendered educational achievement, which area shows significant improvement for females?

    <p>Overall academic achievements in various schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the challenges associated with traditional masculinity in education is that it emphasizes what values?

    <p>Physical strength and aggressiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of educational outcomes, what do studies suggest about the correlation between class and gender?

    <p>Class differences matter more than gender differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do teacher expectations play in gendered educational performance?

    <p>Gendered expectations affect how students are treated and perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do teacher expectations have on a student's educational outcome?

    <p>They may create self-fulfilling prophecies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does streaming affect students in schools?

    <p>It leads to the reinforcement of educational inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of students being placed in lower streams?

    <p>They may be perceived as academic failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Keddie (1971) argue about academic labels for students?

    <p>They persist throughout a student's schooling experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gewirtz (1998) suggest about the type of school attended by students?

    <p>It can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies of success or failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential drawback of ability grouping?

    <p>It may stigmatize lower-performing students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do teachers' perceptions of students affect their labeling?

    <p>They may interpret behavior based on existing labels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of banding compared to streaming?

    <p>Banding does not necessarily foster academic subcultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do student subcultures play in educational attainment?

    <p>They can create conflicts affecting educational success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

    <p>Positive expectations can enhance student performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ability grouping affect educational inequality?

    <p>It exacerbates existing educational inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism do interactionists have regarding labeling theory?

    <p>It fails to account for individual agency in resisting labels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding did Hargreaves (1967) highlight regarding streaming?

    <p>Once placed, students rarely change streams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a potential problem with the processes of streaming, setting, and banding?

    <p>They lead to increased teacher-student conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of the educational experience of Black Caribbean boys in the UK?

    <p>Their academic performance decreases significantly by GCSE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the exclusion of Black Caribbean boys from school?

    <p>Disruptive behavior that is not addressed by teachers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does family structure impact the educational experience of Black Caribbean boys?

    <p>Higher single-parenthood rates correlate with poorer educational experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'self-fulfilling prophecy' refer to in the educational context for minority ethnic groups?

    <p>Low expectations from teachers lead to a decrease in student effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gillborn, why are Black students frequently assigned to lower sets in schools?

    <p>Based on outdated racial stereotypes regarding ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is known to be over-represented in vocational schemes for 'non-academic' students?

    <p>Black students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Sewell attribute to the educational challenges faced by Black children?

    <p>Anti-school peer-group pressure and poor parenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason suggested for the high educational achievement of students from Asian minorities?

    <p>Cultural and family values that emphasize educational success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language use affect educational performance according to Bernstein’s arguments?

    <p>Use of the elaborated code is necessary for school success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of New Right arguments in relation to educational failure?

    <p>Dysfunctional family structures contributing to dependency cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stereotype is mentioned regarding Black youths that affects their educational assessment?

    <p>They are often viewed as 'lazy'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for the relatively low educational achievement of Black Caribbean working-class boys?

    <p>They face pressure from 'anti-education' peer groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the educational experience of African-American students in the USA?

    <p>Their dialect is different but equal to standard English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bernstein's Language Codes

    • Bernstein proposed two language codes: restricted and elaborated.
    • These codes aren't class-specific, but are used in different situations and for different purposes.
    • Elaborated code: complex vocabulary, subtle meanings, abstract ideas, context-independent, inclusive with clear explanations.
    • Restricted code: simple, direct meanings, predictable because the audience already understands, concrete ideas, collective understanding with context-dependent meaning, exclusive.

    Social Class and Education

    • Middle-class children tend to use elaborated codes, giving them an advantage in education.
    • Education systems are based on elaborated codes and working-class students may need to learn the elaborated code to succeed.
    • Teachers often use elaborated codes, creating a clash with restricted codes used by working-class students.

    Cultural Capital & Labelling

    • Students' home backgrounds (cultural capital) influence their experiences and ability to navigate school challenges.
    • Teacher labelling (e.g., "swot," "naughty child") affects self-perception.
    • Teachers' own expectations (self-fulfilling prophecies) significantly impact student success or failure.
    • Streaming, setting, and banding can create negative labels and reinforce inequalities.
    • Teachers' behaviours influence students' perceptions of their abilities.

    Student Subcultures

    • Student subcultures exist within schools, sometimes opposing school values.
    • Examples include ingratiators, rebels, and different responses to the school culture based on social class and ethnicity.
    • Subcultures can relate to class, ethnicity, and gender, influencing educational attainment.
    • Permanent exclusion from school and unauthorized absences significantly impact working-class student success.

    Compensatory Education

    • Compensatory education programs aim to address cultural disadvantages faced by working-class children.
    • The UK has programs like Education Action Zones and Sure Start.
    • Extended schools offer support services to families, aiming to boost student engagement and motivation.

    Ethnicity and Educational Attainment

    • Racism in schools impacts minority ethnic groups through:
      • Overt racism (abuse, harassment) and cultural racism (ethnocentric curriculum, lack of role models).
      • Experiences of labelling, lower teacher expectations, and limited opportunities based on cultural bias.
      • Black Caribbean boys often experience lower attainment, possibly due to masculinity, disciplinary issues and family structure.
    • Asian minorities often achieve higher results due to cultural and family emphasis on education and extended family support.
    • Different ethnic groups may experience underachievement linked to social class and language issues.

    Gender and Educational Attainment

    • Socialization influences gender identities and educational choices in terms of school, careers and family.
    • Feminization of schooling may give girls advantages, while male underachievement may stem from changing masculine identities and teacher expectations.
    • Teachers' expectations and gender stereotypes influence behaviour and outcomes.
    • Gender differences in attainment are smaller compared to class differences.

    Overall

    • Various factors(social class, ethnicity, gender, parental attitudes, in-school factors) intertwine, influencing educational outcomes and opportunities.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of restricted and elaborated language codes proposed by Bernstein and their impact on education. Understand how these codes affect students from different social classes, particularly the challenges faced by working-class students in an education system that favors elaborated codes. Discover the relationship between cultural capital and student experiences.

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