Memory III

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Questions and Answers

How does elaborative rehearsal enhance memory compared to maintenance rehearsal?

  • It reduces the cognitive load, allowing for faster encoding of information.
  • It relies on rote memorization, which is more effective for long-term retention.
  • It connects the information to existing knowledge, promoting deeper processing. (correct)
  • It focuses on the repetition of information, making it easier to recall.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the use of 'chunking' as an effortful processing strategy?

  • Using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the Great Lakes.
  • Repeating a phone number over and over until you can dial it.
  • Organizing a long string of numbers into smaller, more manageable and meaningful groups. (correct)
  • Remembering a list of grocery items by creating a mental image of each item.

When presented with a list of words, individuals tend to remember the words at the beginning and end of the list more easily than those in the middle. What is this phenomenon known as?

  • The Spacing effect.
  • The Von Restorff effect.
  • The Serial Position effect. (correct)
  • The Testing effect.

How would you define 'recall' as a measure of memory retention?

<p>Producing items from memory using minimal retrieval cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory encoding, which level of processing would result in the greatest likelihood of recall?

<p>Deep processing, focusing on the meaning and relating it to prior knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of long-term memory is most closely associated with the retention of motor skills and conditioned responses?

<p>Procedural memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of semantic memory?

<p>Storing factual information and general knowledge about the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with damage to their hippocampus struggles to form new memories of daily events but can still learn new motor skills. Which type of memory is likely to be most affected by this damage?

<p>Episodic memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does priming play in long-term memory?

<p>It unconsciously influences responses to related stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person is trying to remember a list of items by repeating them over and over again, which memory strategy are they employing?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between explicit and implicit memory?

<p>Explicit memory is declarative, while implicit memory is nondeclarative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning effects, such as conditioned emotional reactions, fall under which category of long-term memory?

<p>Implicit memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of using a mnemonic device to improve memory?

<p>Using the acronym 'HOMES' to remember the names of the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person learns a new language, forgets most of it, and then relearns it later with less effort, which memory phenomenon is exemplified?

<p>Relearning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies recognition as a form of memory retention?

<p>Identifying a suspect in a police lineup. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions would elicit the deepest level of processing according to Craik and Tulving's levels of processing model?

<p>Would the word fit into the following sentence: 'The child put the _____ on the table.'? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary distinction between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal involves repetition of information, while elaborative rehearsal involves linking information to existing knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of retrieval cues in memory recall?

<p>They provide hints or prompts that help to access stored memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory process is specifically being tested when an individual is asked to complete a fill-in-the-blank question on an exam?

<p>Recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'levels of processing' influence the durability of a memory?

<p>Deep processing, which involves semantic analysis, tends to create more lasting memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the most effective method for moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

<p>Actively engaging with the information by connecting it to existing knowledge and giving it personal relevance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates how chunking can be used to improve short-term memory?

<p>Remembering a phone number as three smaller groups of numbers rather than one long string. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory disruption is characterized by the reduced ability to form new long-term memories following an inciting event such as a traumatic brain injury?

<p>Anterograde amnesia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is elaborative rehearsal considered a more effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory compared to maintenance rehearsal?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal creates stronger and more elaborate neural networks through meaningful connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the use of elaborative rehearsal to encode information into long-term memory?

<p>Creating a story that incorporates all the items on a grocery list. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following encoding strategies is LEAST likely to facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario below best exemplifies episodic memory?

<p>Recalling your graduation ceremony. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates semantic memory from episodic memory?

<p>Semantic memory is knowledge-based, while episodic memory is experience-based. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might deep processing lead to better memory retention, as opposed to shallow processing?

<p>Deep processing involves elaborating on information and making it more meaningful, which establishes more retrieval cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'priming' relate to implicit memory?

<p>Priming demonstrates implicit memory through subtle, unconscious influences on behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the phenomenon of relearning?

<p>Quickly regaining proficiency in a previously learned skill after a period of disuse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the best way to use chunking to remember the string of numbers below?

1492177618121941

<p>Group the numbers into meaningful dates like 1492, 1776, 1812, and 1941. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to improve the consolidation of memories?

<p>Experiencing chronic stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of long-term memory is involved in remembering the specific sequence of events on your first day of high school?

<p>Episodic memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which long-term memory system allows us to consciously recall and describe previously acquired information?

<p>Declarative memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency?

<p>Automatic processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the encoding specificity principle relate to the effectiveness of retrieval cues?

<p>It suggests retrieval cues are most effective when they recreate the specific context in which the memory was initially encoded. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual is simultaneously presented with both visual and auditory information. Which memory system is initially engaged?

<p>Sensory memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical distinction between episodic and semantic memory systems?

<p>Episodic memory involves context-specific personal experiences, while semantic memory involves general knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person can perform a complex motor skill, but cannot explicitly describe the steps involved. Which type of memory is predominantly utilized in this scenario?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do context-dependent and state-dependent memory differ in their effects on recall?

<p>Context-dependent memory is influenced by the surrounding environment, while state-dependent memory is influenced by an individual's internal physiological or psychological state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Episodic Memory

Declarative, conscious memory of experiences.

Semantic Memory

Declarative, conscious memory of facts and general knowledge.

Procedural Memory

Nondeclarative, unconscious memory of motor skills, habits, and tacit rules.

Classical Conditioning Effects

Nondeclarative, unconscious memory of conditioned emotional reactions.

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Priming

Nondeclarative, unconscious implicit activation of concepts in long-term memory.

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Recall

Producing memories from your mind using minimal retrieval cues.

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Recognition

Knowing whether one has previously been exposed to information.

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Relearning

Learning something more quickly the second time it is learned.

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Chunking

Organizing information into smaller, meaningful pieces to facilitate memory.

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Mnemonic

Strategies and tricks for improving memory.

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Acronyms

Words made from first letter of a series of words.

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Rehearsal

Repeating some information.

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No rehearsal

Repeating information with no processing which makes it less likely to remember.

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Maintenance rehearsal

Rote repetition of material.

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Elaborative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of the information, explaining it to someone, connecting it to soemthing else.

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Levels of processing

information can be processed at different depths, from shallow to deep.

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Shallow Processing

Superficial features, such as physical appearance.

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Deep processing

Thinking about what is means.

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Study Notes

Bernoulli's Principle

  • An increase in the speed of a fluid happens at the same time as a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

How Wings Work

  • Air moving faster exerts less pressure
  • Air moving slower exerts more pressure
  • Air that moves over a wing travels a longer distance and faster, which results in low pressure
  • High pressure air below the wing pushes it upward

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