Introduction to Pluripotent Stem Cells L5

Stem cells are classified based on their potency and source

Totipotent stem cells: (1) Zygote at 1-3 days, (2) Multipotent, (3) Extraembryonic: placenta and umbilical cord, (4) Form embryo and placenta, (5) No immune rejection or ethical concerns

Pluripotent stem cells: (1) Descendants of totipotent cells, (2) Differentiate into cells of the 3 germ layers, (3) Found in specific mature body tissues, umbilical cord, and placenta after birth, (4) Can form embryo, (5) Isolated from developing embryos' different tissues

Multipotent stem cells: (1) Produce cells of closely related cells, (2) Sources: bone marrow, placenta cord, mesenchymal, (3) Family stem cells

Oligopotent stem cells: Differentiate into only a few cells, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells

Unipotent stem cells: Produce only one cell type, such as muscle stem cells

Embryonic stem cells: (1) Pluripotent, (2) Large numbers can be harvested, (3) May cause immune rejection and ethical concerns, (4) Sources: IVF embryos, aborted embryos, cloned embryos

Stem cell technologies: (1) Cloning technologies: reproductive and molecular cloning, (2) Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): new way to potentially avoid the use of embryos, disease-specific stem cell lines, promise and potential pitfalls

In 1981, Marin Evans identified embryonic stem cells in mice, and in 1998, James Thomson and John Gearhart isolated human embryonic stem cells

In 2001, the Bush controversy, with ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed ordinary adult cells to form iPSCs

In 2010, the first medical treatment using human embryonic stem cells: spinal injury

In 2012, the first medical treatment using human embryonic stem cells: blindness

In 2014, human trials using iPSCs

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning: process of creating an embryo from an adult somatic cell, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell using SCNT

Therapeutic cloning: use of stem cells to correct diseases and other health problems, generates embryonic stem cells with the same genetic material as the patient, used for regenerative medicine

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): somatic cells (such as skin cells) are genetically manipulated and returned to their embryonic state, generate virtually any cell type, characterized by the introduction of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc or Thomson factors: OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and Lin28.

Difficulties in the application of iPSCs as a potential patient-specific cell therapy include characterizing their development potential and overcoming technical challenges.

In late 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka reported the stimulation of cells from adult and embryonic origin to pluripotent stem cells called iPSCs.

The method was described by Yamanaka, who genetically manipulated skin cells (fibroblasts) of laboratory mice and returned them to their embryonic state.

iPSCs are somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to a pluripotent state (embryonic stem cell-like state).

The first experimental application of iPSCs was done on a mouse, and the process involved taking skin cells from a sickle-cell model mouse, differentiating them into pluripotent stem cells, and then into hematopoietic cells. The produced cells were then transfused back into the sick mouse, which recovered.

The generation of embryonic stem cells was first accomplished in 1995 by Dr. James Thomson, who derived them from a 4-5 day old embryo (blastocyst).

The blastocyst was composed of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass.

The inner cell mass was further developed into embryonic stem cells.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells led to controversy in 2001.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

iPSCs have the potential to generate virtually any cell type and offer the promise of personalized regenerative medicine.

However, several difficulties must be overcome before they can be considered as a potential patient-specific cell therapy.

Experimental application of iPSCs in a mouse involved taking skin cells from a sickle-cell model mouse, differentiating them into pluripotent stem cells, and then into hematopoietic cells. The produced cells were then transfused back into the sick mouse, and it recovered.

The rejection by the immune system had a very low chance to occur because the genetic material was originally from the mouse itself and not from a different one.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells led to controversy in 2001.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

The reprogramming was accomplished by introducing four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.

The introduction of these factors allowed the somatic cells to be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state.

The process was similar to generating iPSCs from embryonic stem cells but did not involve the use of embryos.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

The technique involved introducing four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to reprogram them to a pluripotent state.

These iPSCs could then be used to generate virtually any cell type, offering the potential for personalized regenerative medicine.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

The development of iPSCs was a significant breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

The technique involved the introduction of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to reprogram them to a pluripotent state.

The resulting iPSCs could be used to generate virtually any cell type, offering the potential for personalized regenerative medicine.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

The development of iPSCs was a significant breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine.

The process of generating iPSCs was similar to generating embryonic stem cells but did not involve the use of embryos.

The technique involved the introduction of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to reprogram them to a pluripotent state.

The resulting iPSCs could be used to generate virtually any cell type, offering the potential for personalized regenerative medicine.

The three-phase process of generating iPSCs involved the introduction of transcription factors, the reprogramming of the cells, and the subsequent differentiation of the cells into the desired cell type.

The process of generating iPSCs was not without challenges, and several difficulties must be overcome before they could be considered a viable patient-specific cell therapy.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a

Stem cells are classified based on their potency and source

Totipotent stem cells: (1) Zygote at 1-3 days, (2) Multipotent, (3) Extraembryonic: placenta and umbilical cord, (4) Form embryo and placenta, (5) No immune rejection or ethical concerns

Pluripotent stem cells: (1) Descendants of totipotent cells, (2) Differentiate into cells of the 3 germ layers, (3) Found in specific mature body tissues, umbilical cord, and placenta after birth, (4) Can form embryo, (5) Isolated from developing embryos' different tissues

Multipotent stem cells: (1) Produce cells of closely related cells, (2) Sources: bone marrow, placenta cord, mesenchymal, (3) Family stem cells

Oligopotent stem cells: Differentiate into only a few cells, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells

Unipotent stem cells: Produce only one cell type, such as muscle stem cells

Embryonic stem cells: (1) Pluripotent, (2) Large numbers can be harvested, (3) May cause immune rejection and ethical concerns, (4) Sources: IVF embryos, aborted embryos, cloned embryos

Stem cell technologies: (1) Cloning technologies: reproductive and molecular cloning, (2) Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): new way to potentially avoid the use of embryos, disease-specific stem cell lines, promise and potential pitfalls

In 1981, Marin Evans identified embryonic stem cells in mice, and in 1998, James Thomson and John Gearhart isolated human embryonic stem cells

In 2001, the Bush controversy, with ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed ordinary adult cells to form iPSCs

In 2010, the first medical treatment using human embryonic stem cells: spinal injury

In 2012, the first medical treatment using human embryonic stem cells: blindness

In 2014, human trials using iPSCs

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning: process of creating an embryo from an adult somatic cell, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell using SCNT

Therapeutic cloning: use of stem cells to correct diseases and other health problems, generates embryonic stem cells with the same genetic material as the patient, used for regenerative medicine

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): somatic cells (such as skin cells) are genetically manipulated and returned to their embryonic state, generate virtually any cell type, characterized by the introduction of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc or Thomson factors: OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and Lin28.

Difficulties in the application of iPSCs as a potential patient-specific cell therapy include characterizing their development potential and overcoming technical challenges.

In late 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka reported the stimulation of cells from adult and embryonic origin to pluripotent stem cells called iPSCs.

The method was described by Yamanaka, who genetically manipulated skin cells (fibroblasts) of laboratory mice and returned them to their embryonic state.

iPSCs are somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to a pluripotent state (embryonic stem cell-like state).

The first experimental application of iPSCs was done on a mouse, and the process involved taking skin cells from a sickle-cell model mouse, differentiating them into pluripotent stem cells, and then into hematopoietic cells. The produced cells were then transfused back into the sick mouse, which recovered.

The generation of embryonic stem cells was first accomplished in 1995 by Dr. James Thomson, who derived them from a 4-5 day old embryo (blastocyst).

The blastocyst was composed of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass.

The inner cell mass was further developed into embryonic stem cells.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells led to controversy in 2001.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

iPSCs have the potential to generate virtually any cell type and offer the promise of personalized regenerative medicine.

However, several difficulties must be overcome before they can be considered as a potential patient-specific cell therapy.

Experimental application of iPSCs in a mouse involved taking skin cells from a sickle-cell model mouse, differentiating them into pluripotent stem cells, and then into hematopoietic cells. The produced cells were then transfused back into the sick mouse, and it recovered.

The rejection by the immune system had a very low chance to occur because the genetic material was originally from the mouse itself and not from a different one.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells led to controversy in 2001.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

The reprogramming was accomplished by introducing four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.

The introduction of these factors allowed the somatic cells to be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state.

The process was similar to generating iPSCs from embryonic stem cells but did not involve the use of embryos.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

The technique involved introducing four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to reprogram them to a pluripotent state.

These iPSCs could then be used to generate virtually any cell type, offering the potential for personalized regenerative medicine.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

The development of iPSCs was a significant breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka developed a new method to potentially avoid the use of embryos by reprogramming ordinary adult cells into iPSCs.

The technique involved the introduction of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to reprogram them to a pluripotent state.

The resulting iPSCs could be used to generate virtually any cell type, offering the potential for personalized regenerative medicine.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a major obstacle to their widespread use in research and medicine.

The development of iPSCs was a significant breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine.

The process of generating iPSCs was similar to generating embryonic stem cells but did not involve the use of embryos.

The technique involved the introduction of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to reprogram them to a pluripotent state.

The resulting iPSCs could be used to generate virtually any cell type, offering the potential for personalized regenerative medicine.

The three-phase process of generating iPSCs involved the introduction of transcription factors, the reprogramming of the cells, and the subsequent differentiation of the cells into the desired cell type.

The process of generating iPSCs was not without challenges, and several difficulties must be overcome before they could be considered a viable patient-specific cell therapy.

The ethical concerns around the use of human embryonic stem cells were a