Podcast
Questions and Answers
What factor is likely to influence behavior more in a general setting?
What factor is likely to influence behavior more in a general setting?
Which condition is likely to lead to an increase in problem behaviors?
Which condition is likely to lead to an increase in problem behaviors?
Which of the following is NOT considered an organism variable affecting behavior?
Which of the following is NOT considered an organism variable affecting behavior?
What aspect of behavior is most important when evaluating the function of that behavior?
What aspect of behavior is most important when evaluating the function of that behavior?
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Which is a technique that might help in designing effective behavioral interventions?
Which is a technique that might help in designing effective behavioral interventions?
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What is an essential first step in monitoring problem behavior?
What is an essential first step in monitoring problem behavior?
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Which procedure should be selected to ensure accurate logging of data by professionals?
Which procedure should be selected to ensure accurate logging of data by professionals?
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In what way can the reliability of data collection be enhanced over a prolonged baseline period?
In what way can the reliability of data collection be enhanced over a prolonged baseline period?
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What must observers be trained to ensure effective data collection?
What must observers be trained to ensure effective data collection?
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Which of the following measures is NOT recommended for assessing problem behavior?
Which of the following measures is NOT recommended for assessing problem behavior?
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What is the purpose of selecting an alternative desirable behavior?
What is the purpose of selecting an alternative desirable behavior?
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Why is careful analysis of baseline data important?
Why is careful analysis of baseline data important?
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What is a key factor in ensuring that staff accurately record behavior?
What is a key factor in ensuring that staff accurately record behavior?
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What key components should be identified when conducting a functional assessment?
What key components should be identified when conducting a functional assessment?
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Which principle of behavior modification is likely maintaining a behavior that is consistently followed by positive reinforcement?
Which principle of behavior modification is likely maintaining a behavior that is consistently followed by positive reinforcement?
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What should be the initial step in designing a behavioral intervention?
What should be the initial step in designing a behavioral intervention?
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Which of the following methods is typically used to measure the baseline level of a problem behavior?
Which of the following methods is typically used to measure the baseline level of a problem behavior?
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When assessing the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention, which question should be considered?
When assessing the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention, which question should be considered?
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In which way can training observers enhance data collection in behavioral assessments?
In which way can training observers enhance data collection in behavioral assessments?
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Which strategy can be used to effectively change a behavior that is maintained by positive reinforcement?
Which strategy can be used to effectively change a behavior that is maintained by positive reinforcement?
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What aspect is crucial when dividing conditions during an experimental functional assessment?
What aspect is crucial when dividing conditions during an experimental functional assessment?
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Study Notes
Week 8
- Behavioural programs are being developed, incorporating antecedents, functional assessments, and research design.
mTuner Quiz 2
- Moved to November 14th, 10am-15th, 10pm
- Covers weeks 8 and 10
Case Study Assignment
- Due November 19th, 11:59pm, via Quercus
- Assignment overview available on Quercus
- Case summaries will be provided this week
Case Study Report
- Maximum 2 pages, 12-point font (TNR), 1.5 line spacing
- The report must contain:
- Functional assessment based on the provided information
- Proposed intervention to change the behaviour.
- An experiment design to test the intervention, including expected results.
- Identification of the target behaviour, its antecedents, behaviour, and consequences.
- Explanation of the behavioural modification principle influencing the behaviour (e.g., operant, respondent or both).
- Explanation of the existing cues and how to alter them
- Strategy and how to assess if the intervention works.
Major Causes of Problem Behaviours
- Operant: behaviours maintained by social positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, internal self-stimulatory positive reinforcement, internal sensory negative reinforcement, external sensory positive reinforcement, external sensory negative reinforcement
- Respondent (Elicited): behaviours not controlled by consequences; behaviours elicited by aversive stimuli; emotional components
Indicators
- Social Positive Reinforcement: (a) whether reliable attention follows the behaviour (b) whether the individual looks at or approaches the caregiver/individual (c) whether the individual smiles just before engaging in the behaviour.
- Internal Self-Stimulatory Positive Reinforcement: behaviour continues unabated at a steady rate regardless of whether it affects others or the environment.
- Internal Sensory Negative Reinforcement: behavior negatively reinforced by removal of internal discomfort.
- Social Negative Reinforcement: behaviour only engages when certain demands or requests are made.
- Internal Sensory Negative Reinforcement: behaviour is reinforced by removal of internal discomfort/displeasure
- External Sensory Negative Reinforcement: behaviour is maintained by nonsocial negative reinforcement or escape from external sensory aversive stimuli.
Factors to Consider in Assessing Causes of Problem Behavior
- General Setting: Low overall level of reinforcement; Conditions that cause discomfort; Presence or absence of particular people
- Organism Variables: State of health; Motivational state; Emotional state; Temporary bodily states
- Task Variables: Too difficult; Improper pace; Lack of variety; Lack of choice; Lack of perceived importance
Factors to Consider in Assessing Causes of Problem Behavior: Specific Antecedents
- Sudden changes in immediate surroundings
- Introduction of new tasks
- Excessive demands
- Unclear instructions
- Removal of visible reinforcers
- Withholding of reinforcers
- Presentation of aversive stimuli
- Instructions to wait
- Observation of someone else being reinforced
Factors to Consider in Assessing Causes of Problem Behavior: Specific Consequences
- Escape from demands
- Attention from others
- Sympathy
- Getting one's way
- Tangible reinforcers
- Internal sensory feedback
- External sensory feedback
Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioural Program
- Define the problem with precise behavioral terms
- Select baseline procedure to monitor problem behaviour, current stimulus control, maintaining consequences, relevant medical/health/personal variables, and alternative desirable behavior.
- Design recording procedures to log the time devoted to the project by project professionals.
Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization
- Learning to respond at the right time and place, based on stimuli
- Generalization: Stimulus similar to CS may evoke CR
- Discrimination: Stimulus similar to CS paired with extinction trials does not elicit CR
- Stimulus Discrimination training
- Involves discovering when reinforcement is available or unavailable and when aversive events may or may not occur
- In most cases, failure to discriminate will cause inconvenience.
- In some cases, behaviour pathology can result from failure to discriminate
Discrimination Paradigms
- Two-choice discrimination task
- The SD and SA on the same stimulus dimension (red light/green light; mom/dad).
- Behavioural contrast: increased responding to SD and decreased responding to SΔ during discrimination learning
Stimulus Control
- The degree of correlation between the occurrence of a particular antecedent stimulus and the occurrence of a subsequent response
- Discrimination training, Generalization, and Complex discrimination training and generalization: Transfer of learning and concept formation
Beyond Stimulus Control
- When the general setting or context may alter the manner in which an individual responds to particular stimuli
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Description
This quiz covers the development of behavioural programs, emphasizing the importance of antecedents, functional assessments, and research design. It also provides an overview of the case study assignment, including key components required for reports on behavioural interventions and experimental design.
