Behavioural Perspectives and Classical Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Behaviourism in psychology?

  • Personality structures
  • Unconscious desires
  • Internal mental processes
  • Observable behaviour (correct)

Behaviourists are particularly interested in studying internal personality structures.

False (B)

Who first described the process of Classical Conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

In Classical Conditioning, a ______ stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response.

<p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Behaviourism = Focus on observable behaviours Pavlov's Experiment = Training dogs to salivate Response tendencies = Behaviours linked to various stimuli Classical Conditioning = Learning through association</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can maladaptive emotional responses, such as fears and phobias, be associated with?

<p>Classical Conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical conditioning, the tone used in Pavlov's experiment was initially a conditioned stimulus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily responsible for many irrational fears according to classical conditioning?

<p>Conditioned responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extinction occurs when a conditioned response is consistently presented with the unconditioned stimulus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?

<p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, responses are said to be _____ and not _____ because they are voluntary.

<p>emitted; elicited</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?

<p>Learning through the reinforcement of voluntary responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning accounts for more learned behaviors than operant conditioning in humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence how long it takes to extinguish a conditioned response?

<p>The strength of the conditioned bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

The consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus _____ leads to extinction.

<p>alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize?

<p>Cognition as a crucial factor in learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura believes that observational learning occurs when an organism's behavior is influenced by reinforcing stimuli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Bandura use to describe the belief in one's ability to carry out behaviors that lead to desired outcomes?

<p>self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura's theory, children learn behaviors such as assertiveness by observing _____ in their environment.

<p>models</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Cognition = Thought processes involved in acquiring knowledge Observational Learning = Learning influenced by the actions of others Self-Efficacy = Belief in one's own ability to execute behaviors Reinforcement = Responses that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does Bandura believe can influence moral standards in children?

<p>Models they observe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's theory states that conditioning is a purely mechanical process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents, teachers, and peers play in Bandura's social learning theory?

<p>Models</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's social learning theory highlights the interaction between _____, behavior, and the environment.

<p>cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behaviorism

A school of psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior.

Response Tendencies

Response tendencies learned through past experiences with different situations.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural response.

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that initially does not elicit a specific response (like salivation).

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Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally triggers a specific response (like salivation).

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Unconditioned Response

The natural response to an unconditioned stimulus (like salivation).

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Conditioned Response

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (like salivating to a bell).

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Extinction (in classical conditioning)

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

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What causes extinction in classical conditioning?

The consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, without the unconditioned stimulus. Example: Pavlov repeatedly presenting the tone (CS) to a dog without the food (UCS), causing the salivation response to weaken and eventually disappear.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where voluntary behaviors are controlled by their consequences. Example: Studying for an exam is reinforced by the reward of a good grade.

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Consequences in Operant Conditioning

Events that follow a behavior and influence its likelihood of occurring again; they can be favorable (reinforcement), neutral (extinction), or unfavorable (punishment).

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Reinforcement (in operant conditioning)

A consequence that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.

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Punishment (in operant conditioning)

A consequence that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

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Operant Conditioning

The process of learning where voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences.

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Emitted vs. Elicited Responses

In operant conditioning, responses are said to be emitted because they are voluntary. Unlike in classical conditioning, where responses are elicited by stimuli.

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Operant vs. Classical Conditioning - Human Behavior

Operant conditioning is more important in human behavior than classical conditioning because most human responses are voluntary.

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Cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge, such as thinking, learning, and remembering.

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Social Learning theory

A school of thought that emphasizes the role of thought processes in learning and behavior.

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Observational learning

Learning by observing the behavior of others, called models.

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Models

Individuals who serve as examples for others to learn from.

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Self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to successfully perform behaviors that should lead to desired outcomes.

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Reinforcement

A process that strengthens behaviors by following them with rewards.

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Active information processing

The way people actively seek and process information from their environment to maximize favorable outcomes.

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Study Notes

Behavioural Perspectives

  • Behaviourism emphasizes observable behaviors, rejecting focus on internal mental processes.
  • Behaviourists view personality as a collection of response tendencies tied to stimuli.
  • Response tendencies vary in strength, based on past experiences.
  • Little interest in personality structures; significant focus on development.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus acquiring the capacity to evoke a response originally caused by another stimulus.
  • Pavlov's work involved dogs salivating in response to a tone paired with food.
  • The tone initially had no effect but, through association, became a conditioned stimulus for salivation.
  • This demonstrates how learned reflexes are acquired.

Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life

  • Classical conditioning plays a role in acquiring emotional responses such as anxiety, fear, and phobias, forming foundations for many adjustment problems.
  • It can be a cause of irrational fears, like a phobia of bridges.
  • Classical conditioning also influences realistic anxiety responses.
  • Extinction of a conditioned response is gradual weakening or disappearance, achieved through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

  • Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary responses controlled by their consequences.
  • Voluntary responses are emitted, rather than elicited by stimuli.
  • Consequences like reinforcement, extinction, and punishment shape future responses.
  • Positive reinforcers add desirable stimuli (e.g., rewards).
  • Negative reinforcers remove unpleasant stimuli (e.g., escape).

Bandura and Social Learning Theory

  • Bandura proposed a social learning theory integrating cognition with behaviour.
  • This contrasts with traditional behavioural approaches, viewing individuals as active processors of information in their environment.
  • Observational learning is learning by observing others (“models”) who demonstrate behaviour.

Self-Efficacy

  • Self-efficacy is a crucial component of personality, encompassing belief in one's ability to perform behaviors leading to desired outcomes.
  • High self-efficacy leads to confidence in executing necessary responses for rewards/reinforcers.
  • Low self-efficacy may cause concern about personal capabilities.

Disadvantages of the Behavioural Approach

  • Critics argue that neglecting cognitive processes limits the approach's explanatory power.
  • Reliance on animal research may not accurately reflect human behavior.

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Behavioral Perspectives PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of behaviorism and classical conditioning. This quiz covers key concepts including observable behaviors, Pavlov's experiments with dogs, and the application of classical conditioning in everyday emotional responses. Test your understanding of these psychological principles and their implications on personality and behavior.

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