Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Behaviourism in psychology?
What is the primary focus of Behaviourism in psychology?
Behaviourists are particularly interested in studying internal personality structures.
Behaviourists are particularly interested in studying internal personality structures.
False
Who first described the process of Classical Conditioning?
Who first described the process of Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
In Classical Conditioning, a ______ stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response.
In Classical Conditioning, a ______ stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What can maladaptive emotional responses, such as fears and phobias, be associated with?
What can maladaptive emotional responses, such as fears and phobias, be associated with?
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According to classical conditioning, the tone used in Pavlov's experiment was initially a conditioned stimulus.
According to classical conditioning, the tone used in Pavlov's experiment was initially a conditioned stimulus.
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What process is primarily responsible for many irrational fears according to classical conditioning?
What process is primarily responsible for many irrational fears according to classical conditioning?
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Extinction occurs when a conditioned response is consistently presented with the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction occurs when a conditioned response is consistently presented with the unconditioned stimulus.
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What is the name given to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
What is the name given to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response?
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In operant conditioning, responses are said to be _____ and not _____ because they are voluntary.
In operant conditioning, responses are said to be _____ and not _____ because they are voluntary.
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Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
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Classical conditioning accounts for more learned behaviors than operant conditioning in humans.
Classical conditioning accounts for more learned behaviors than operant conditioning in humans.
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What factors influence how long it takes to extinguish a conditioned response?
What factors influence how long it takes to extinguish a conditioned response?
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The consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus _____ leads to extinction.
The consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus _____ leads to extinction.
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What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize?
What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize?
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Bandura believes that observational learning occurs when an organism's behavior is influenced by reinforcing stimuli.
Bandura believes that observational learning occurs when an organism's behavior is influenced by reinforcing stimuli.
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What term does Bandura use to describe the belief in one's ability to carry out behaviors that lead to desired outcomes?
What term does Bandura use to describe the belief in one's ability to carry out behaviors that lead to desired outcomes?
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According to Bandura's theory, children learn behaviors such as assertiveness by observing _____ in their environment.
According to Bandura's theory, children learn behaviors such as assertiveness by observing _____ in their environment.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Which factor does Bandura believe can influence moral standards in children?
Which factor does Bandura believe can influence moral standards in children?
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Bandura's theory states that conditioning is a purely mechanical process.
Bandura's theory states that conditioning is a purely mechanical process.
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What role do parents, teachers, and peers play in Bandura's social learning theory?
What role do parents, teachers, and peers play in Bandura's social learning theory?
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Bandura's social learning theory highlights the interaction between _____, behavior, and the environment.
Bandura's social learning theory highlights the interaction between _____, behavior, and the environment.
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Study Notes
Behavioural Perspectives
- Behaviourism emphasizes observable behaviors, rejecting focus on internal mental processes.
- Behaviourists view personality as a collection of response tendencies tied to stimuli.
- Response tendencies vary in strength, based on past experiences.
- Little interest in personality structures; significant focus on development.
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus acquiring the capacity to evoke a response originally caused by another stimulus.
- Pavlov's work involved dogs salivating in response to a tone paired with food.
- The tone initially had no effect but, through association, became a conditioned stimulus for salivation.
- This demonstrates how learned reflexes are acquired.
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
- Classical conditioning plays a role in acquiring emotional responses such as anxiety, fear, and phobias, forming foundations for many adjustment problems.
- It can be a cause of irrational fears, like a phobia of bridges.
- Classical conditioning also influences realistic anxiety responses.
- Extinction of a conditioned response is gradual weakening or disappearance, achieved through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary responses controlled by their consequences.
- Voluntary responses are emitted, rather than elicited by stimuli.
- Consequences like reinforcement, extinction, and punishment shape future responses.
- Positive reinforcers add desirable stimuli (e.g., rewards).
- Negative reinforcers remove unpleasant stimuli (e.g., escape).
Bandura and Social Learning Theory
- Bandura proposed a social learning theory integrating cognition with behaviour.
- This contrasts with traditional behavioural approaches, viewing individuals as active processors of information in their environment.
- Observational learning is learning by observing others (“models”) who demonstrate behaviour.
Self-Efficacy
- Self-efficacy is a crucial component of personality, encompassing belief in one's ability to perform behaviors leading to desired outcomes.
- High self-efficacy leads to confidence in executing necessary responses for rewards/reinforcers.
- Low self-efficacy may cause concern about personal capabilities.
Disadvantages of the Behavioural Approach
- Critics argue that neglecting cognitive processes limits the approach's explanatory power.
- Reliance on animal research may not accurately reflect human behavior.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of behaviorism and classical conditioning. This quiz covers key concepts including observable behaviors, Pavlov's experiments with dogs, and the application of classical conditioning in everyday emotional responses. Test your understanding of these psychological principles and their implications on personality and behavior.
