Lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

What do trade-offs in behavioral ecology typically involve?

  • Promoting a singular behavioral strategy
  • Maximizing performance at all costs
  • Balancing benefits against costs (correct)
  • Ignoring environmental constraints

    • Enzyme performance is unaffected by temperature.

    False (B)

    What is the optimal temperature range for acetylcholinesterase in Rainbow Trout during winter?

    2°C

    Rainbow Trout do not perform well in water temperatures above _____°C.

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its associated concept:

    <p>Enzyme Affinity = Measure of enzyme performance related to substrate concentration Acetylcholine = Neurotransmitter needing breakdown for neural function Critical Temperature Max = Temperature at which an organism may die Thermoregulatory Behavior = Behavioral adaptation to temperature conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature affect the affinity of enzymes?

    <p>Affinity varies with temperature, affecting performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abiotic factors do not influence behavioral adaptations in organisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change might Rainbow Trout undergo to adapt to changing water temperatures?

    <p>Seeking cover in heat or adjusting depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Topt in the context of animal population dynamics?

    <p>The temperature of highest abundance in the wild (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evaporative cooling involves water changing from a gas to a liquid and absorbs heat.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one adaptation that allows the Apache Cicada to remain active in high ambient temperatures.

    <p>Feeding on xylem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectotherms primarily rely on __________ sources of heat.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Tlim = The 95th percentile of maximum temperatures TMZ = The range of temperatures where metabolic rate is stable BMR = The metabolic rate at rest for ectotherms MMR = The maximum metabolic rate for endotherms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of thermoregulation, endothermy allows animals to:

    <p>Maintain a stable body temperature in varying environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thermal neutral zone (TMZ) represents temperatures where metabolic rates must increase.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for phenotypic plasticity in the Clear-winged Grasshopper?

    <p>To facilitate thermoregulation by changing color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Topt

    The temperature at which a species is most abundant in the wild.

    Tlim

    The 95th percentile of maximum temperatures experienced by a species in its natural range.

    Evaporative Cooling

    The process of using water to cool down the body by releasing heat as water evaporates.

    Thermal Neutral Zone (TMZ)

    The range of temperatures at which an endothermic animal's metabolic rate remains constant.

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    Routine Metabolic Rate (RMR)

    The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at a particular temperature.

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    Maximum Metabolic Rate (MMR)

    The maximum metabolic rate of an endotherm.

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    Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

    The metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest.

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    Phenotypic Plasticity

    The ability of an organism to change its morphology in response to environmental conditions.

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    Trade-offs

    A concept that explains how organisms have to balance different needs and limitations. For example, an animal might need to eat a lot, but also needs to spend time finding safety. These two needs conflict and the organism has to find a balance between them.

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    Abiotic factors

    External factors that limit an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. These factors can include temperature, water availability, pH, and other environmental conditions.

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    Behavioral adaptations

    Actions that an organism takes to adapt to changes in their environment. This can include things like finding shade during hot weather, moving deeper into water to find cooler temperatures, or adjusting their activity levels.

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    Optimal temperature range

    The range of temperatures that an organism can tolerate and perform best at. This is often influenced by the enzymes in the organism's body.

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    Affinity of an enzyme for its substrate

    A measure of how well an enzyme binds to its substrate, which helps to understand how well the enzyme is working.

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    Acetylcholine

    A chemical messenger that helps transmit signals between nerve cells. Once released, it needs to be broken down so that the nerve cell can return to its resting state.

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    Acetylcholinesterase

    An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. This enzyme is crucial for proper nerve function because it allows nerve cells to switch off after a signal is transmitted.

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    Behavioral responses

    The ability of an organism to change its behavior in response to a change in its environment. This can include seeking out a cooler place when it is hot or migrating to a different location for the winter.

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    Study Notes

    Behavioural Ecology Presentation

    • The presentation focused on limits to behaviours and pushing abiotic limits.
    • Behavioural limits are related to trade-off analysis. Organisms can occupy different places along a line, but must stay on the line. The axes might have different labels but have the same constraint.
    • All behaviours operate within limits. Trade-offs are necessary. Abiotic factors include temperature, pH, and water conditions. Biotic factors affect behaviour, including threats, opportunities, partners, history, developmental, and evolutionary factors.
    • Thermoregulatory behaviours include self-heating, nest building, selecting optimal temperature, and postural extension.
    • Temperature and animal performance are often related to enzyme performance; enzyme shapes and flexibility vary with temperature; there is an optimal temperature.
    • Testing optimal temperature ranges focuses on enzyme affinity for a substrate as a performance measure. If substrate concentration is low, the enzyme works well because it has high affinity for the substrate.
    • Acetylcholinesterase in Rainbow Trout is a neurotransmitter that needs to be broken down to turn off neurons. Two forms of acetylcholinesterase exist - one for winter temperatures and the other for summer temperatures; both show affinity changes with temperature.
    • Behavioral responses to heat or adjust depth to find an optimum. Rainbow Trout avoid warm waters above about 23°C, leading to poor swimming efficiency.
    • Physiological function or tolerance related to temperature at individual and population levels.
    • Temperature affects animal performance, often mediated by water balance and challenges. High temperatures often require a liberal supply of water to maintain temperatures. Evaporative cooling is one solution, whereby water changes from liquid to gas, thereby absorbing heat. Organisms giving up water experience a cooling effect. Organisms must acquire and conserve water, especially in deserts.

    Apache Cicada

    • Apache Cicadas remain active when temperatures exceed lethal temperatures, through evaporative cooling with high humidity to reduce body temperatures. They compensate for high water loss by drinking a lot of water. They find water from deep below the ground, which plants draw the water from.

    Diverse Behavioural Adaptations

    • Fog and fauna in the Namib desert have mutual relationships. Fog is a predictable source of water. 48 species use fog water, and some species fog-bask, trapping fog droplets on their shells.

    Endothermy and Ectothermy

    • Ectotherms rely on external heat sources, while endotherms rely on internal heat sources. Endothermy significantly broadens the behavioural range of ambient temperature.

    Phylogenetic History

    • Phylogenetic history impacts behavioural opportunities.

    Endotherms and Temperature

    • Thermal neutral zone (TMZ) is the range of temperatures where an animal's metabolic rate does not change, varying with species.

    Arctic Fox

    • Arctic fox numbers are estimated at several hundred thousand. They have an adaptable white coat for camouflage and insulation in cold environments; they also have a rounded shape to retain heat. They switch to brown/cream coats during summer. They are opportunistic hunters and scavengers, have sharp senses, and monogamous mating pairs produce an average of 5-8 kits after 52 days gestation.

    Metabolic Rate

    • Routine metabolic rate (RMR) for ectotherms and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) for endotherms are described, and their relation to environmental temperature. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thermo-neutral zone (TNZ) are also present

    Fence Lizards

    • Lizards use movement to maintain a body temperature of about 33°C for optimal energy intake.

    In-between States

    • Some moths are endothermic but not homeothermic, exemplified by the lime hawkmoth, which has pre-flight warm-up routines.

    Phenotypic Plasticity

    • Phenotypic plasticity is an example with Clear-winged Grasshoppers, who alter morphology to gain or decrease radiative heat gain for thermoregulation.

    Pushing Limits

    • The Namib Sand-diving Lizard uses behavioural responses (raising feet off hot sand, or diving beneath the sand) to maintain a suitable temperature while in their habitat.

    Other Solutions

    • Obligate hibernation (e.g. Eastern Chipmunk) and facultative torpor (e.g. nighttime torpor) are solutions to survive in unfavourable conditions.
    • Torpor in the Blue-throated Mountain-gem Hummingbird is shown graphically.

    Hibernation

    • Hibernation is adapted to pass the winter and some tropical species hibernate to survive food shortages, not just low temperatures. An example is the Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur.

    Temperature and enzyme performance

    • Temperature significantly affects enzyme performance.
    • pH and other factors also affect enzymes.
    • pH variations impact olfactory cues

    Effects of acidification on olfaction

    • Acidification significantly harms olfactory abilities of freshwater and marine fish and invertebrates, leading to impaired behavioural responses.

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    Related Documents

    Limits and Constraints on Behaviour - Presentation #3 - PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating limits of animal behavior and the trade-offs organisms face in their environments. This presentation covers abiotic and biotic factors that influence behavior, including thermoregulation and optimal temperature for enzyme performance. Join us to understand how these elements interact to shape the ecology of various species.

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