Attachment

31%

Mother

Three attachments

Play-mate

False

False

True

True

The person who plays and communicates with the baby

Attachments form with the person who plays and communicates with the baby

Separation anxiety

A few months

The cloth-covered monkey

The monkeys were more attached to the cloth-covered monkey

The study was unethical

Infants were predominantly attached to the person who responded most sensitively to their needs

Attachment occurs due to innate behaviors programmed in infants

The notion that there is one relationship that is more important than all the rest

A cognitive framework that guides a person's interaction with others

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation study

The importance of monotropy is overemphasized

The reactions of children and mothers in a strange room with toys

Having a network of attachments to support infants and their needs

8

It is better than the care provided by one mother

It sees itself as unworthy

A form of interaction where both the caregiver and the infant respond to each other's signals

It influences the child's physical, social, and cognitive development

A form of interaction where both the caregiver and the infant mirror each other's emotion or behavior

The caregiver and the infant engage in interactional synchrony by mirroring each other's emotion or behavior

False

True

False

True

True

True

False

True

False

True

False

True

True

True

True

True

False

False

True

True

False

True

True

True

True

True

False

True

False

True

Attachments to mothers, fathers, grandparents, siblings, and neighbors.

The caregiver attending fully to the baby's state, providing playful stimulation when the infant is alert and attentive, and avoiding pushing things when an overexcited or tired infant is fussy and sending the message 'Cool it. I just need a break from all this excitement'.

The study found that attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby's signals, not the person they spent more time with. Sensitive responsiveness to the baby's signals appeared to be the key to attachment formation.

Separation Anxiety

The text does not provide information about how long Laura's behavior is likely to last.

Reciprocity is a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals, and each elicits a response from the other.

Interactional synchrony is when two people interact and tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements (emotions and behaviors). It is a form of rhythmic interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual focus, reciprocity, and mirroring of emotion or behavior.

Reciprocity influences the child’s physical, social and cognitive development. It becomes the basis for the development of basic trust or mistrust and shapes how the child will relate to the world, learn, and form relationships throughout life.

A caregiver who laughs in response to their infant’s giggling sound and tickles them is experiencing synchronized interaction.

Harlow's study on rhesus monkeys is not valid in determining attachment as the cognitive level of humans greatly exceed that of animals.

Lorenz's Imprinting Theory suggests that attachment is innate and programmed genetically.

The learning theory of attachment proposes that attachment is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning.

Guiton's study suggested that young animals imprint on any moving thing present during the critical period of development.

Men seem to lack the emotional sensitivity to infant cues that women offer spontaneously. This could be due to the fact that women produce a hormone, estrogen, which increases emotional response to others’ needs.

Freeman et al. (2010) found that male children are likelier to prefer their father as an attachment figure than female children.

The findings concluded that the monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth-covered monkey, which provided contact comfort.

Harlow’s work has been criticized for being unnecessarily cruel (unethical) and of limited value in understanding the effects of deprivation on human infants. The monkeys in the study suffered from emotional harm from being reared in isolation.

The importance of monotropy is overemphasized and having a network of attachments to support infants and their needs may be more beneficial.

The child experienced eight 'episodes' of approximately 3 minutes each in a strange room with toys.

They recorded the reactions of a child and mother (caregiver) in the Strange Situation.

He argued that a stable network of adults could provide better care than one mother.

It concluded that attachment is not solely based on the provision of food, but also involves contact comfort.

Sensitive responsiveness to the baby’s signals is key to attachment formation.

Monotropy refers to the idea that there is one primary attachment figure that is more important than all others. This attachment figure is usually the mother, but other attachments may develop in a hierarchy below this.

The critical period for developing attachment, according to Bowlby's monotropic theory, is from birth to approximately 2.5 years old. If an attachment has not formed during this time period, it may not happen at all.

The internal working model of attachment is a cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self, and others. It is formed through the child's relationship with a primary caregiver and influences their later relationships and interactions with others.

The main limitation of the learning theory in explaining attachment is that it suggests that food is the predominant factor in forming attachments. However, there is conflicting evidence, such as Harlow's study on infant monkeys, which showed that contact comfort, not food, was the principal factor in attachment.

Konrad Lorenz's research on imprinting supported Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment. Imprinting is an innate process that occurs during a critical period and involves the attachment of young animals to a specific person, animal, or object. This behavior is similar to the concept of monotropy in human attachment.

infant

mirror

cognitive

rhythm

plays

attachment

separation anxiety

attachment-in-the-making

innate

moderately

classical, operant

conditioned, conditioned

play-mate

home

role

Indian

survival

critical

figure

model

Robots replacing human caregivers could potentially deprive children of the emotional connection and contact comfort that are essential for healthy attachment and social development.

Harlow's experiments with monkeys showed that the monkeys suffered emotional harm from being reared in isolation, leading to fear, depression, and neurotic behaviors. His study has been seen as unethical and lacking in value in understanding human infant development.

Mutual responsiveness, sensitivity to the baby's signals, and eliciting a response from each other.

Freeman et al. found that male children are likelier to prefer their father as an attachment figure than female children.

True

episodes

in the strange room with toys

mother (caregiver)

mothers

child

Monotropy = The concept that infants form one primary attachment figure Multiple Attachments = When infants form attachments to multiple individuals Interactional Synchrony = The mirroring of emotion or behavior between infant and caregiver Reciprocity = A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness

Learning Theory of Attachment = Attachment is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning Monotropic Theory = There is a critical period for developing attachment (about 0 – 2.5 years) Bowlby's Theory = Infants have an innate need to form attachments for survival Harlow's Theory = Contact comfort is more important than food in forming attachments

Schaffer and Emerson = Most infants formed multiple attachments by 10 months old Harlow = Attachment of the monkeys was based on contact comfort, not just food Ainsworth = Developed the Strange Situation procedure to assess attachment styles Lorenz = Research on imprinting in birds and the concept of critical periods

Culture = Affects the expectations and involvement of fathers in child care Father's Age = Can influence his emotional sensitivity and attachment abilities Time Spent Away from Home = Can affect the father's bond and involvement with the child Level of Responsiveness = Key to attachment is the level of responsiveness, not the gender of the parent

Reciprocity = A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals Interactional Synchrony = When two people interact and tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements Infant = The young child Caregiver = The person who takes care of the infant

Ainsworth's Strange Situation = Controlled observation recording the reactions of a child and caregiver who were introduced to a strange room with toys Lorenz's Imprinting Theory = Attachment is innate and programmed genetically Bowlby's Monotropic Theory = Attachment is important for a child's survival Harlow's Study on Rhesus Monkeys = Attachment is not solely based on food, but also on the comfort and security provided by a caregiver

Reciprocity = Involves mutual responsiveness between infant and caregiver, with both parties responding to each other's signals Interactional Synchrony = Involves mirroring of emotion or behavior between infant and caregiver Infant = The young child who is actively involved in the interaction with the caregiver Caregiver = The person who takes care of the infant and is an active contributor in the interaction

Reciprocity = Involves both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals Interactional Synchrony = Involves the infant and caregiver coordinating their actions and anticipating each other's behavior Infant = Actively contributes to the interaction with the caregiver Caregiver = Responds to the signals from the infant and elicits a particular response from them

Bowlby's Monotropic Theory = The concept of monotropy Ainsworth's Strange Situation = Stranger Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, Social Referencing Lorenz's Imprinting Theory = Imprinting is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning Reciprocity Theory = Mutual responsiveness, with both infant and mother responding to each other’s signals

Schaffer and Emerson study = Attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby’s signals Heimann's study = Infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation from birth onwards had a better quality of relationship at 3 months Harlow's study on rhesus monkeys = Contact comfort is an important factor in attachment Observations of mother-infant interactions = It is difficult to determine the meaning of behaviors from the infant’s perspective

Interactional Synchrony = Involves mirroring of emotion or behavior between infant and caregiver Reciprocity = A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness Monotropy = The idea that a child forms a single attachment to its primary caregiver Imprinting = A learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning

Stranger Anxiety = The response of a child to the arrival of a stranger Separation Anxiety = The distress level of a child when separated from a caregiver Social Referencing = The degree to which a child looks at a caregiver to check how they should respond to something new Reciprocity = A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness

Monotropic theory = The importance of monotropy is overemphasized Learning theory of attachment = Attachment is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning Imprinting Theory = Imprinting is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning

Harlow = Attachment can be accurately determined in humans Ainsworth and Bell = Conducted a controlled observation recording the reactions of a child and mother in the Strange Situation Schaffer and Emerson = The most important factor in forming attachments is who interacts and communicates with the child

Insecure-avoidant child = Develops an internal working model that sees itself as unworthy Monotropy = The theory lacks value and may require adjustment Interactional synchrony = The basis for the development of basic trust or mistrust in a child

Primary attachment figure = Reacts negatively to the child during the sensitive period for attachment formation Network of attachments = Suggested by Thomas to support infants and their needs Stable network of adults = Argued by Van Ijzendoorn to provide better care than one mother

Harlow's study on rhesus monkeys = Attachment can be accurately determined in humans Ainsworth's Strange Situation = About 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers took part Schaffer and Emerson study = Most infants formed multiple attachments by 10 months old

Reciprocity = A one-way interaction between infant and caregiver Sensitive responsiveness = The key to attachment formation Internal working model = Develops in the child, influencing later relationships

Learning Theory = Food is the predominant factor in forming attachments Monotropic Theory = A child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure Internal Working Model = A cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self, and others Critical Period = A time period for developing attachment, if not developed during this time, it may not happen at all

Monotropy = A concept that suggests there is one relationship that is more important than all the rest Internal Working Model = A child’s relationship with a primary caregiver that influences later relationships Reciprocity = A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness Attachment = Behaviors in both babies and their caregivers that have evolved through natural selection

Harlow = Suggested that food is not the principal factor in attachment, supported by Schaeffer and Emerson Bowlby = Proposed monotropic theory of attachment, suggesting it is important for a child’s survival Lorenz = Supported Bowlby’s monotropic theory by studying imprinting in geese Ainsworth = Conducted the Strange Situation study, providing evidence for the existence of the internal working model

Monotropy = Suggests that there is one relationship that is more important than all the rest Critical Period = A time period for developing attachment, if not developed during this time, it may not happen at all Internal Working Model = A cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self, and others Reciprocity = A form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness

Freeman et al. (2010) = Male children are likelier to prefer their father as an attachment figure than female children Heimann = Infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation from birth onwards had been found to have a better quality of relationship at 3 months Schaffer and Emerson = Infants were not predominantly attached to the person that fed them but to the person who responded most sensitively to their needs Frodi et al. (1978) = Men’s physiological response was the same as women’s in terms of emotional sensitivity to infant cues

Harlow's study on rhesus monkeys = Unnecessarily cruel (unethical) and of limited value in attempting to understand the effects of deprivation on human infants Schaffer and Emerson study = Behaviorists believe that animal behavior can be generalized to human behavior, but the behavior displayed by humans differs largely due to conscious decisions Ainsworth's Strange Situation = Recorded the reactions of about 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers Heimann's study = Infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation from birth onwards had been found to have a better quality of relationship at 3 months

Biological factors = Men seem to lack the emotional sensitivity to infant cues that women offer spontaneously The child's age and gender = Male children are likelier to prefer their father as an attachment figure than female children The child's temperament = Fathers are less likely to be involved with their infant if the infant has a difficult temperament Reciprocity = Influences the child’s physical, social and cognitive development. It becomes the basis for the development of basic trust or mistrust and shapes how the child will relate to the world, learn, and form relationships throughout life

Bowlby's monotropic theory = Attachment is important for a child's survival Learning theory of attachment = Attachment is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning Schaffer and Emerson study = The most important factor in forming attachments is not who feeds and changes the child but who responds and communicates with him or her Heimann's study = Infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation from birth onwards had been found to have a better quality of relationship at 3 months

Lorenz’s Imprinting Theory = Attachment is innate and programmed genetically Learning Theory = Attachment is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning Bowlby's Monotropic Theory = Attachment is important for a child's emotional development Harlow's Study on Rhesus Monkeys = Attachment is not solely based on the provision of nourishment

Imprinting = The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life Internal Working Model = A cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self, and others Reciprocity = A mutual exchange between infant and caregiver, involving responsiveness and imitation Interactional Synchrony = A form of communication between infant and caregiver involving mutual attention and emotional expression

Lorenz (1935) = Found that geese follow the first moving object they see during a 12-17 hour critical period after hatching, known as imprinting Guiton (1966) = Used chicks and yellow rubber gloves to show that young animals can imprint on any moving thing present during the critical period Dollard & Miller (1950) = Proposed the learning theory of attachment, which states that attachment is a learned behavior acquired through classical and operant conditioning Harlow = Conducted a study on rhesus monkeys, which challenged the idea that attachment is solely based on the provision of nourishment

Critical Period = A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest impact Primary Attachment = The first and most important attachment bond a child forms Learning Theory of Attachment = Proposes that all behavior, including attachment, is learned rather than an innate biological behavior Secondary Drive Hypothesis = Explains how primary drives essential for survival, such as eating when hungry, become associated with secondary drives, such as emotional closeness