39 Questions
What are examples of species-specific defense reactions (SSDR)?
Freezing, fleeing, fighting
What is the difference in defensive responses according to the predatory imminence continuum?
Different defensive responses occur depending on the level of danger faced by an animal
What is the difference in defensive responses between men and women according to the text?
Men exhibit fight or flight responses, while women tend and befriend
What does the Expectancy Theory of Avoidance propose?
Encounters with aversive events trigger conscious process of threat appraisal that generates expectations of future threat
What motivates avoidance responses according to the text?
Not getting something
What happens if a conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes an unconditioned stimulus (US) according to the text?
CS usually elicits response one lower on the scale than US
What triggers expectations of shock and responses that turn off the cues elicit expectations of no shock and safety?
Cues that are paired with shock
What is the Predatory Imminence Continuum based on?
The level of danger faced by an animal
What is the primary goal of avoidance conditioning in behavioral psychology?
To minimize exposure to aversive stimuli
In avoidance procedures, what must individuals do to prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring?
Make a specific response
What is the primary mechanism through which punishment decreases the target response?
Positive contingency
What is the difference between active avoidance and passive avoidance?
Active avoidance involves avoidance conditioning, while passive avoidance involves punishment
Who conducted experiments on associative learning in humans using a warm metal plate and shock administration, contributing to the study of avoidance behavior?
Bechterev
What do discriminated avoidance procedures involve?
Signaling of an aversive stimulus by a conditioned stimulus (CS)
What does non-discriminated (free-operant) avoidance involve?
Learning avoidance responses without an external warning stimulus (CS)
What do demonstrations of free-operant avoidance learning show regarding shock frequency and responding?
More frequent shocks without responding make it more likely for animals to learn avoidance responses
How does the two-factor theory explain avoidance behavior?
As negative reinforcement due to the removal of an aversive stimulus
What does positive reinforcement through conditioned inhibition of fear or conditioned safety signals involve?
Response feedback cues and safety signals that provide positive reinforcement for avoidance behavior
What does the shock frequency reduction hypothesis state?
The reduction in the frequency of shock serves to reinforce avoidance behavior
What is the primary effect of time out as a punishment procedure?
Suppresses behavior that individuals might enjoy
How does the intensity of aversive stimulus affect habituation in pigeons and rats?
High intensity aversive stimulus will suppress responding for a long time
What is the impact of increased delay of punishment on behavior suppression?
Less suppression with increased delay
How do schedules of punishment impact behavior suppression?
Punishment and reinforcement can both be delivered intermittently
What is the impact of FR 500 schedule compared to FR 1 schedule of punishment delivery?
FR 500 schedule will suppress behavior less
What is the impact of mild punishment followed by intense punishment compared to intense punishment followed by mild punishment?
Mild punishment followed by intense punishment will still suppress behavior
What is the primary impact of response-contingent aversive stimulation on behavior suppression?
More suppression if the aversive stimulus is triggered by the response
What is the impact of non-discriminated (free-operant) avoidance on behavior suppression?
More suppression if the aversive stimulus is gradually built up
What type of reinforcement involves giving food for good behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Which theory of punishment suggests that punishment is avoidance behavior?
The Avoidance Theory of Punishment
What type of learning depends on a R-O relation?
Instrumental learning
What type of reinforcement involves opening an umbrella to remove the rain?
Negative reinforcement
What is the primary problem associated with the Avoidance Theory of Punishment?
Hard to induce or classify avoidance behaviors
What type of learning is dependent on NMDA receptor activation and plasticity?
Instrumental learning
What type of reinforcement involves a slap on the hand to stop stealing?
Positive punishment
What type of reinforcement involves a child in a timeout or removal of driver's license?
Negative punishment/Omission training
What type of learning is linked to pavlovian learning where proprioceptive cue (CS) is related to shock (US)?
Pavlovian learning
What type of reinforcement involves pecking for food only when punishment occurs?
Positive reinforcement
What type of learning is effective for moderately trained rats but ineffective for some extensively trained rats?
Instrumental learning
What type of reinforcement involves reinforcing one behavior and punishing another to suppress the punished behavior?
Negative reinforcement
Study Notes
Avoidance and Punishment in Behavioral Psychology
- Avoidance conditioning increases the performance of a target behavior to minimize exposure to aversive stimuli.
- In avoidance procedures, individuals must make a specific response to prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, such as opening an umbrella to avoid getting wet.
- Punishment decreases the target response through a positive contingency where the target response produces an aversive outcome, such as getting burned when touching a hot stove.
- Active avoidance involves avoidance conditioning, while passive avoidance involves punishment.
- The study of avoidance behavior originated from experiments by Bechterev, who studied associative learning in humans using a warm metal plate and shock administration.
- Discriminated avoidance procedures involve the signaling of an aversive stimulus by a conditioned stimulus (CS), and responding during the CS prevents the delivery of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US).
- Experimental analysis of avoidance behavior includes escape from fear experiments, independent measurement of fear during the acquisition of avoidance behavior, and extinction of avoidance behavior through response blocking and CS-alone exposure.
- Non-discriminated (free-operant) avoidance involves learning avoidance responses without an external warning stimulus (CS) and includes the shock-shock interval, response-shock interval, and safety period.
- Demonstrations of free-operant avoidance learning show that more frequent shocks without responding make it more likely for animals to learn avoidance responses.
- The two-factor theory explains avoidance behavior as negative reinforcement due to the removal of an aversive stimulus.
- Positive reinforcement through conditioned inhibition of fear or conditioned safety signals involves response feedback cues and safety signals that provide positive reinforcement for avoidance behavior.
- Shock frequency reduction hypothesis states that the reduction in the frequency of shock serves to reinforce avoidance behavior, but it is not considered valid as animals can still learn avoidance behavior even with reduced shock frequency.
Test your knowledge of avoidance and punishment in behavioral psychology with this quiz. Explore concepts such as avoidance conditioning, punishment, discriminated avoidance procedures, and the two-factor theory. See how much you know about the experimental analysis of avoidance behavior and the different types of avoidance learning.
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