Behavioral Neuroscience - PSYC 211 MID 1
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Questions and Answers

What is implied about consciousness in relation to subjective experience?

  • Consciousness exclusively refers to the awareness of one’s own feelings.
  • The existence of consciousness is universally recognized across all entities.
  • Consciousness is defined as the state of awareness of thoughts and perceptions. (correct)
  • All living beings possess the same level of consciousness.

    • What does the concept of free will suggest in relation to consciousness?

  • Free will is universally accepted as a proven fact.
  • Free will can be completely understood through scientific measurement.
  • Free will remains a debated topic with no definitive answers. (correct)
  • Individuals have complete control over their conscious decisions.

    • How can brain damage influence a person's consciousness?

  • It may disrupt their conscious awareness without their recognition. (correct)
  • Brain damage does not affect consciousness at all.
  • It can enhance their conscious awareness of surroundings.
  • It can lead to a complete loss of consciousness.

    • What was a consequence of the frontal lobotomy during the 1940s and 50s?

    <p>It led to a Nobel Prize for its inventors in 1949.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of defining consciousness?

    <p>It cannot be empirically measured in scientific studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the notion of 'what it is like to be'?

    <p>Consciousness may vary greatly across different entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did lobotomy procedures evolve by the 1950s?

    <p>They became increasingly popular, with thousands performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research method is proposed to study consciousness?

    <p>Interview individuals with brain damage about their perception of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decline in popularity of the split-brain operation in the mid 1950s?

    <p>Development of partially effective antipsychotic medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>To connect and facilitate communication between the two cerebral hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does damage to the left cerebral hemisphere affect the body?

    <p>It disrupts movements and sensory processing on the right side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of vision, how do the left and right hemispheres process visual information?

    <p>The right hemisphere processes everything seen to the left of a fixation point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant effect of severing the corpus callosum?

    <p>Loss of direct communication between the two hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable characteristic of the patients undergoing split-brain surgery in Rochester NY around 1940?

    <p>They were part of a groundbreaking surgical trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of the split-brain operation?

    <p>Coordination problems between the body and conscious thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What capability remains intact even when the corpus callosum is severed?

    <p>Coordination of movements through lower brain areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did split-brain patients experience with their left hand post-surgery?

    <p>The left hand sometimes acted against their conscious intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Vicki struggle with after her surgery while grocery shopping?

    <p>Conflict between her two hands while reaching for items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion was drawn about the effect of cutting the corpus callosum on cognitive functions?

    <p>It caused no substantial changes to cognitive functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the location of consciousness based on the behavior of split-brain patients?

    <p>Consciousness appears to be located in the left hemisphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common outcome reported by patients after undergoing the split-brain surgery?

    <p>They reported feeling no different from before the surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of split-brain patients' experiences highlights the debate between determinism and free will?

    <p>Their left hand sometimes acted against their conscious choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tests were conducted on the patients after their surgeries?

    <p>Neurological and psychological tests including IQ and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the findings of Roger Sperry's research influence perceptions of the corpus callosum's role?

    <p>It confirmed the corpus callosum's importance in cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?

    <p>They synthesize proteins by linking amino acids together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason cells evolved to utilize DNA instead of RNA for long-term information storage?

    <p>DNA is more stable and durable than RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ribosomes determine the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis?

    <p>By stringing together amino acids held by complementary tRNA based on the mRNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phospholipids primarily composed of?

    <p>Fatty acids and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is correctly paired with its description?

    <p>Transcription - RNA is synthesized from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the small subunit of the ribosome do during protein synthesis?

    <p>It binds to free-floating mRNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is RNA considered unsuitable for long-term information storage?

    <p>It breaks apart too easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of events in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA → mRNA → Protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a cell's total mass is made up of carbohydrates?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule is responsible for forming cell membranes and vesicles in cells?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribozymes in the context of early life?

    <p>To catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of RNA compared to amino acids in cellular functions?

    <p>RNA is fragile and breaks apart easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the molecular composition of cells?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nucleic acid is specifically known as ribonucleic acid?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cell mass is primarily composed of amino acids and proteins?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organic molecules is considered to be less abundant on Earth, making ribozymes impractical for cellular functions?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily fills the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Saltwater with sugar, nucleic acids, and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is unique to eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>To interlink amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is essential for safely containing the cell's DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the genome in a cell?

    <p>To provide information for synthesizing proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a gene is expressed, what process takes place first?

    <p>Transcription into RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mitochondria do within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Generate molecules of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic structure of the cell membrane in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the negativity of the resting membrane potential in neurons?

    <p>Potassium leak channels allowing potassium to exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is more abundant inside the cells as compared to the extracellular space?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion channel allows specific ions to flow freely in and out of the cell and is typically bidirectional?

    <p>Leak channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of electrostatic pressure in ion movement across the cell membrane?

    <p>It attracts oppositely charged ions towards each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions are typically found in higher concentrations outside of neurons compared to inside?

    <p>Cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cell membrane structure primarily contributes to its selective permeability?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a cation compared to an anion?

    <p>Cations are positively charged, anions are negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of resting membrane potential in neurons?

    <p>-40 to -90 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>To collect information relevant to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes an axon?

    <p>An axon can branch into axon collaterals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the resting membrane potential in neurons?

    <p>It allows for the generation of action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for ions to cross the cell membrane?

    <p>The presence of ion channels or a concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do voltmeters measure in the context of neurons?

    <p>The difference in electric charge between two points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the flow of ions in response to a voltage difference?

    <p>The cell membrane's permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the structure of the cell membrane?

    <p>It is selectively permeable to various ions and molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the synapse?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the negative charges found inside a cell?

    <p>Nucleic acids and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is primarily associated with intracellular fluid and contributes to the membrane potential?

    <p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical membrane potential range for neurons?

    <p>-40 mV to -80 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do negative ions behave in relation to the cell membrane due to the charge difference?

    <p>They want to leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the resting membrane potential?

    <p>It varies depending on the type of cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do intracellular Cl- ions tend to hug the cell membrane?

    <p>As a result of a greater number of negative charges inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives positive ions to enter the cell?

    <p>Diffusion along the concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are predominately dissolved both inside and outside of cells?

    <p>Na+ and Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of presynaptic inhibition on neurotransmitter release?

    <p>It hyperpolarizes the axon terminal, reducing release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is always metabotropic and inhibitory?

    <p>Autoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During presynaptic facilitation, what happens to the voltage-gated calcium channels at the axon terminal?

    <p>They open more readily, enhancing neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category do classical neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin fall under?

    <p>Conventional neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an autoreceptor from a postsynaptic receptor?

    <p>Autoreceptors are located on the presynaptic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the release of neurotransmitters differ when dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter versus a hormone?

    <p>As a neurotransmitter, it targets local neurons; as a hormone, it targets distant organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way do lipid-based neurotransmitters primarily function?

    <p>They function mainly as endocannabinoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of axoaxonic synapses in neurotransmitter modulation?

    <p>They can either facilitate or inhibit neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do the majority of neuromodulators use to mediate their effects?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of glutamate on neurons?

    <p>Excitation of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drugs that block GABA receptors typically affect neuronal activity?

    <p>They often lead to seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a neuromodulator?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typical of classical neurotransmitters?

    <p>They are mainly released from small collections of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What denotes the primary role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in neuronal signaling?

    <p>They facilitate excitatory post-synaptic currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of drugs that activate GABA receptors?

    <p>Prolonged inhibition and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of synaptic modulation, how do excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters differ?

    <p>Excitatory neurotransmitters cause depolarization, while inhibitory cause hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor do neuropeptides exclusively bind to?

    <p>Metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are neurotransmitters released from axon terminals?

    <p>From synaptic vesicles near the site of Ca2+ entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are used in the classification of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Molecule type, release mechanism, and receptor binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of lipid-based signaling molecules regarding their release?

    <p>They are synthesized and released only after a signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the receptors for lipid-based signaling molecules?

    <p>They only interact with metabotropic receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neuropeptides differ from traditional neurotransmitters in their release?

    <p>They are not recycled after their release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neurotransmitters after they have been released into the synapse?

    <p>They are recaptured and used again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the vesicles that neurotransmitters are packaged in?

    <p>They have a specific docking site near calcium entry points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of direct dopamine receptor antagonists in treating psychosis?

    <p>They directly block dopamine D2 receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do indirect agonists affect postsynaptic receptors?

    <p>They enhance the activity of receptors without direct binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily activated by the hallucinogens mentioned?

    <p>Serotonin 5HT-2A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is common among the drugs listed as serotonin receptor agonists?

    <p>They all cause perceptual distortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of antipsychotic drugs categorized as 'dirty'?

    <p>They bind to multiple receptor types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating the effects of psychostimulants?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common neurotransmitter do recreational drugs often target to produce hallucinations?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for neostigmine in relation to neurotransmitters?

    <p>It increases acetylcholine availability in the synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vesicular monoamine transporter in neurons?

    <p>It packages monoamines into synaptic vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an agonist's action regarding neurotransmitter release?

    <p>Blocks neurotransmitter reuptake transporters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common mechanism do drugs like cocaine and methylphenidate share?

    <p>They block catecholamine reuptake transporters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of black widow spider venom in relation to neurotransmitter release?

    <p>It activates the vesicular release machinery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which drugs that reverse catecholamine reuptake transporters work?

    <p>They facilitate neurotransmitter flow out of the axon terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately differentiates the effect of agonists and antagonists?

    <p>Agonists promote synaptic vesicle fusion, while antagonists prevent it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ecstasy (MDMA) have on neurotransmitter transporters?

    <p>It causes transporters to run backwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by drugs like methylphenidate and cocaine?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do drugs like Adderall and ecstasy have on neurotransmitter reuptake transporters?

    <p>They reverse the action of neurotransmitter reuptake transporters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier more easily than morphine?

    <p>Heroin is more lipid soluble than morphine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of drug tolerance in users?

    <p>Users require larger amounts of the drug to achieve the same effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of repeated administration of opioids?

    <p>It often leads to withdrawal symptoms opposite to the drug's effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs primarily function as reuptake blockers?

    <p>Antidepressants including SSRIs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effects do psychostimulant drugs like crystal meth have on neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They induce action potential-independent, non-vesicular release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is primarily associated with the effects of opioids like morphine and heroin?

    <p>Inhibitory metabotropic receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect do drugs categorized as 'downers' often have on the body?

    <p>They generally promote relaxation and sedation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes excitotoxic brain lesions produced by glutamate receptor agonists?

    <p>They primarily affect the neurons intended for lesioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to achieve reversible lesions in neural activity?

    <p>Applying voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of microelectrodes in neural recording?

    <p>To record the electrical activity of individual neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of recordings are characterized by being made during surgery when the animal is anesthetized?

    <p>Acute recordings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are chronic electrical recordings distinguished from acute recordings?

    <p>Chronic recordings involve long-term observation, while acute are short-term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of excessive calcium influx in neurons during excitotoxicity?

    <p>Induction of apoptosis in affected neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a sham lesion?

    <p>A placebo procedure without brain damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential downside of using current to create brain lesions?

    <p>Nearby axons not involved in the lesion may be damaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does the basal ganglia serve in the brain?

    <p>Controlling voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily involved in forming explicit memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the limbic system play in the human brain?

    <p>Managing emotions and memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of dysfunction in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Loss of coordination in movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding CSF flow?

    <p>CSF flows over immune system cells before returning to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the basal ganglia located in relation to the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Beneath the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary areas constitute the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroanatomical structures are primarily responsible for interconnecting the hippocampus and amygdala?

    <p>Thalamus and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of asymmetrical cell division in neural progenitor cells?

    <p>One daughter cell becomes a neuron while the other becomes a glia cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does apoptosis in neural progenitor cells predominantly occur?

    <p>Around the fifth month of development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes neurogenesis in humans?

    <p>It largely stops five months after conception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is generally used to determine the specific functions of damaged brain areas?

    <p>Functional MRI scans alongside patient history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical cell division in neural progenitor cells?

    <p>Symmetrical division produces two identical daughter cells, while asymmetrical division results in one identical and one differentiated cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of significant brain injury?

    <p>The unaffected areas of the brain will adapt to take over missing functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the beginning of asymmetrical cell division in neural progenitor cells?

    <p>The eighth week of development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily happens to the neurons produced during neurogenesis before birth?

    <p>Some undergo apoptosis if they cannot find a place in the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience - PSYC 211

    • Course is an introduction to how the brain works
    • Covers well-understood topics like brain structure, neural activity.
    • Discusses less-understood topics, including emotions, mental illness, language, learning, hunger, sleep, and sex differences.
    • Professor: Jonathan Britt
    • Office hours: Thursdays 10-11am (starting Sept 19)
    • Location: Stewart Biology room N8/9
    • Contact TA for questions/concerns: [email protected]

    Course Structure

    • 10% homework quizzes (on MyCourses, submissions until December 9th, highest score kept)
    • 25% midterm 1 (Monday, September 30th, 4:05-5:25 PM, lectures 1-8)
    • 25% midterm 2 (Monday, November 11th, 4:05-5:25 PM, lectures 9-17)
    • 40% final exam (date in December, cumulative, emphasis on post-midterm 2 material)
    • Extra credit opportunities (up to 2%) available through the psychology department study participant program

    Prerequisites

    • Introductory psychology (PSYC 100) or equivalent
    • Introductory biology (BIOL 111, 112, 115) or equivalent (recommended, but not critical)

    Textbook

    • Recommended: Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience 5th edition
    • Access through MyCourses ($75)
    • Textbook is helpful, but not required for passing the class.
    • Exam questions are based on lectures.

    Teaching Assistants

    • Madeleine Morris, In-Hyun Baek, Naima Mansuri, Caitlyn Antal, Caroline Rajda
    • Provide review conferences, answer emails, address questions on MyCourses Discussion Board, and provide one-on-one/small group meetings
    • Contact: [email protected]

    Additional Information

    • TA-led review conferences: Dates, days, location, and topics are listed in attached materials (see page 9)
    • Today's Topic - Consciousness: The session's objectives were to define consciousness, explore research methods, discuss results, and highlight a take-home point (see page 10)
    • Medical Fad: Lobotomy discussion- The procedure used to be a treatment choice for clinical issues. This was part of the discussion (see page 12)
    • Split Brain Procedures: This surgical procedure (that cuts the corpus callosum) became an important learning topic of investigation. Information from patients experiencing this procedure and the results of the research associated are detailed in various sections of this study guide
    • The Localization of Language- The brain regions responsible for language were explored as a section of the class learning material in section 22
    • Further information (videos) and additional Ted Talk links are also included.

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    Related Documents

    PSYC 211 Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience Lecture Notes PDF
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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the key concepts of PSYC 211, an introduction to behavioral neuroscience. Explore topics such as brain structure, neural activity, emotions, and more. Prepare for assessments throughout the course, including two midterms and a final exam.

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