30 Questions
What are some reasons mentioned for the use of substances?
To relax, for enjoyment, to be a part of a group, to avoid physical and/or psychological pain
What has been the trend in the proportion of daily smokers among adults since 1995?
Decreased from 23.8% to 10.7%
What is the percentage of men who smoke daily compared to women?
Men continue to be more likely than women to smoke daily
What has been the trend in the proportion of adults who have never smoked since 2007 - 2008?
Increased from 49.4% to 61.2%
What does the 2020 – 2021 data suggest about the average number of cigarettes smoked daily by smokers?
10 cigarettes
What was the percentage of adults who smoked daily in 1945?
72% of men and 26% of women
What has been the trend in the percentage of daily smokers among 18 - 24-year-olds from 2014 - 2015 to 2020 - 2021?
Increased from 69.5% to 83.3%
What is the current percentage of adults who have never smoked?
61.2%
What has been the trend in the proportion of adults who have never smoked among 18 - 24-year-olds from 2014 - 2015 to 2020 - 2021?
Increased from 69.5% to 83.3%
What has been the trend in the percentage of adults who have never smoked from 2007 - 2008 to 2020 - 2021?
Increased from 49.4% to 61.2%
What is the average daily cigarette consumption in Australia?
7 cigarettes a day on average
Who is most likely to be a daily smoker in Australia?
People aged 65-74
What percentage of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure are neurobehaviorally affected?
70%
Which illicit drug is the most commonly used in Australia?
Cannabis
What is the diagnostic term for severe neurodevelopmental impairments from alcohol exposure before birth?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What are the types of psychological interventions for substance use problems mentioned in the text?
Motivational Interviewing, Multimodal Interventions, Harm Reduction Approaches, Relapse Prevention
What percentage of Australians aged 14+ have used an illicit drug in their lifetime?
40%
How many people aged 18+ in Australia exceeded alcohol consumption guidelines?
1 in 4
Which group is more likely to be daily smokers in Australia?
Unemployed individuals
What is the goal of Motivational Interviewing (MI)?
To strengthen personal motivation for a specific goal
What is the primary aim of Motivational Interviewing (MI)?
To empower individuals to change by drawing out their own capacity for change and honoring their autonomy
What kind of strategies are problem-focused and seeking support in coping with stress?
They are related to better adjustment to stressors
What is the Transtheoretical Model of Change designed to do?
Aids psychologists in understanding behavior change and matching interventions to individuals' stage of change
What is stress defined as?
A pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies in response to perceived imbalance between situational demands and coping resources
What are harm reduction strategies for illicit drug use?
Needle exchange programs, methadone programs, and pill testing at events
What does relapse prevention focus on in behavior change programs?
Helping individuals plan for high-risk situations and deal with lapses
What do multimodal interventions for substance use involve?
A combination of biological and psychological interventions
In what situations is Motivational Interviewing (MI) particularly useful?
When individuals experience ambivalence, low confidence, desire, or importance regarding change
How can stress be understood?
As a stimulus, a response, or a person-situation interaction
What are coping strategies for stress?
Problem-focused, emotion-focused, and seeking social support
Study Notes
Behavioral Interventions and Models in Psychology
- Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a communication style that aims to empower individuals to change by drawing out their own capacity for change and honoring their autonomy.
- MI is particularly useful when individuals experience ambivalence, low confidence, desire, or importance regarding change.
- MI is utilized in diverse settings, populations, languages, and treatment formations, addressing a broad range of presenting concerns such as substance use and mental health.
- Multimodal interventions for substance use involve a combination of biological (e.g., nicotine replacement therapy) and psychological interventions (e.g., stress management).
- Harm reduction strategies for illicit drug use include needle exchange programs, methadone programs, and pill testing at events.
- Relapse prevention is an essential component of behavior change programs, helping individuals plan for high-risk situations and deal with lapses.
- The Transtheoretical Model of Change, with six major steps, aids psychologists in understanding behavior change and matching interventions to individuals' stage of change.
- Stress is defined as a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies in response to perceived imbalance between situational demands and coping resources.
- Stress can be understood as a stimulus, a response, or a person-situation interaction.
- Stressors vary in intensity, duration, predictability, controllability, chronicity, and may include microstressors, major negative events, and catastrophic events.
- Coping strategies for stress can be problem-focused (e.g., planning, assertive confrontation), emotion-focused (e.g., positive reinterpretation, acceptance), or seeking social support.
- Problem-focused and seeking support strategies are related to better adjustment to stressors, while emotion-focused strategies may predict poorer adjustment.
Test your knowledge of behavioral interventions and models in psychology with this quiz. Explore topics such as motivational interviewing, multimodal interventions for substance use, harm reduction strategies, relapse prevention, the Transtheoretical Model of Change, and coping strategies for stress.
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