Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Psychology
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Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What outcome may occur if the id is overly dominant in an individual?

  • Development of psychosis (correct)
  • Improved mental health
  • Development of neurosis
  • Increased ego strength

    • Which defense mechanism is cited as a way to reduce anxiety caused by unconscious conflicts?

  • Repression (correct)
  • Projection
  • Displacement
  • Rationalization

    • What did the psychodynamic approach emphasize for resolving an individual's problems?

  • Medication and therapy
  • Childhood recollection and awareness (correct)
  • Behavioral modification techniques
  • Social support and peer communication

    • According to the content, what is identified as a primary cause of all neuroses?

    <p>Sexual conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mental health issue may arise from a dominant superego?

    <p>Neurosis, such as depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genome-wide association studies (GWAS) suggest about temperament?

    <p>Temperament is influenced by more than 700 genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some theorists view human nature in terms of intrinsic goodness?

    <p>Humans are inherently good, with experiences nurturing that goodness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to be influenced by instinctual or animalistic behaviors in humans?

    <p>Behavior during crises or stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does associative conditioning play in human behavior, according to the content?

    <p>It helps shape emotional reactions and attachments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is mentioned as influencing temperament?

    <p>Upbringing and education/training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The debate of nature vs. nurture addresses the influence of which factors on human development?

    <p>Past experiences and environmental forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and behavior in the context of the content?

    <p>Both genes and environmental factors contribute to behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of synaptic plasticity relate to in terms of temperament?

    <p>Long-term learning and memory processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role is highlighted as key in the refinement of man from animal instincts to civilized beings?

    <p>Environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to personality traits, what does the heritability of life satisfaction indicate?

    <p>Personality-related genetic influences account for a significant portion of life satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality traits were identified as explaining significant variance in life satisfaction?

    <p>Neuroticism and extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method was used to analyze influences from personality traits in the study?

    <p>Regression analyses and biometric modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorists are mentioned as having contributed to personality clustering classifications?

    <p>Jung, Fromm, Cattell, Sheldon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of obesity is primarily driven by the brain’s control mechanisms?

    <p>Hedonic aspects of food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factor is discussed in relation to obesity types?

    <p>Monogenic and polygenic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Person vs. Situation debate primarily address?

    <p>The uniqueness of individual personality versus universal traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial basis for Freud's theory of psychoanalysis?

    <p>Intuitive understanding from personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a critique of Freud's life and death instincts?

    <p>The life drive is often equated solely with libido.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did Freud reach the pinnacle of his career?

    <p>1920s to 1930s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'conscious' level of awareness in Freud's theory?

    <p>Holds all experiences and sensations one is currently aware of.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding the scientific validity of Freud's drives?

    <p>Drives are abstract and unquantifiable by scientific methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Freud's theoretical approach changed from intuitive to empirical?

    <p>Interactions with mental health patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Freud's notion of death drive seen as problematic?

    <p>It seems to justify harmful actions like suicide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the life drive often misunderstood in contemporary analysis?

    <p>As a mere motivation for creative expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Understanding neural mechanisms related to cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the comparative approach in biopsychology primarily involve?

    <p>Comparing biological processes across different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward mechanisms?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main method do cognitive neuroscientists use to study brain activity?

    <p>Functional brain imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What division of biopsychology focuses on the evolution and adaptiveness of behavior?

    <p>Comparative Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological measure of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are psychophysiological experiments used to study?

    <p>The relationship between cognition and physiological responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one believed function of serotonin in the body?

    <p>Affects mood and social behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Ongoing debate on whether human behavior is determined by genetics (nature) or environmental factors (nurture).
    • Research indicates temperament is influenced by over 700 genes associated with synaptic plasticity and learning.
    • GWAS studies show both monogenic and polygenic obesity share genetic underpinnings affecting behavior.
    • Some theorists argue humans are inherently good, with negative behaviors arising from environmental influences.
    • Others contend humans are born with animal instincts, with social training refining behavior into civilized actions.

    Personality Research

    • Studies use personality scales to group individuals by traits; Norwegian twin study indicates heritability factors on life satisfaction.
    • Regression analyses show neuroticism and extraversion account for 24% of variance in life satisfaction.
    • Heritability of life satisfaction is estimated at 0.31, with strong influence from personality-related genetic factors.

    Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

    • Developed psychoanalysis focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
    • Dominance of the superego may lead to neuroses, while dominance of the id may result in psychoses.
    • Aims to bring childhood conflicts into consciousness for resolution.

    Freud's Contributions

    • Early methods were intuitive, evolving to more empirical approaches based on clinical experience.
    • Key writings include "Studies on Hysteria" and "Interpretation of Dreams," exploring the sexual basis for neuroses.

    Freud's Drives

    • Criticisms of life and death drives include their incompatibility with life’s sanctity and oversimplification of libido.
    • Death drive has been seen as problematic in justifying suicide and lacks empirical support.

    Levels of Consciousness

    • Conscious mind holds limited awareness of sensations and experiences.
    • Other levels of consciousness play roles in mental processes and conflicts.

    Biopsychological Research Methods

    • Comparative approach examines behavior across species to understand biological processes.
    • Experimental methods investigate causation by manipulating variables in living subjects.
    • Cognitive neuroscience studies neural bases for higher cognitive functions using techniques like functional brain imaging.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Noradrenaline is involved in cardiovascular tone regulation and stress responses.
    • Dopamine facilitates pleasure and planning abilities, influencing reward systems.
    • Serotonin regulates mood, social behavior, appetite, and other essential functions.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the ongoing nature vs. nurture debate regarding human behavior and personality. It highlights the genetic and environmental influences on temperament and life satisfaction. Test your understanding of key theories and research findings in psychology related to personality and genetics.

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