Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key distinction between genotype and phenotype?
What is a key distinction between genotype and phenotype?
What are alleles in the context of genetics?
What are alleles in the context of genetics?
How many chromosomes do humans possess in total?
How many chromosomes do humans possess in total?
In the dual track mind model, what best describes the unconscious mind?
In the dual track mind model, what best describes the unconscious mind?
Signup and view all the answers
What does epigenetics study?
What does epigenetics study?
Signup and view all the answers
Which domain of development involves the improvement of thinking and reasoning skills?
Which domain of development involves the improvement of thinking and reasoning skills?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor can influence gene expression in organisms?
Which factor can influence gene expression in organisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fundamental issue in developmental psychology regarding the nature of development?
What is a fundamental issue in developmental psychology regarding the nature of development?
Signup and view all the answers
What can early childhood trauma potentially lead to later in life?
What can early childhood trauma potentially lead to later in life?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic defines sex-linked traits?
What characteristic defines sex-linked traits?
Signup and view all the answers
How do females inherit sex-linked traits compared to males?
How do females inherit sex-linked traits compared to males?
Signup and view all the answers
Which design is used to investigate genetic influences through family connections?
Which design is used to investigate genetic influences through family connections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of collectivist cultures?
What is the primary focus of collectivist cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genetic relationship between monozygotic twins?
What is the genetic relationship between monozygotic twins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and severe punishments?
Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and severe punishments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of permissive parenting?
What is the main characteristic of permissive parenting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which temperament type is most likely to form a secure attachment?
Which temperament type is most likely to form a secure attachment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which parenting style is known as the best approach for fostering secure attachment?
Which parenting style is known as the best approach for fostering secure attachment?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Erikson's theory, what do each of the eight stages involve?
According to Erikson's theory, what do each of the eight stages involve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of child exhibits irregular sleeping and eating habits and struggles with adapting to changes?
Which type of child exhibits irregular sleeping and eating habits and struggles with adapting to changes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which response is typically associated with children who are classified as 'slow to warm up'?
Which response is typically associated with children who are classified as 'slow to warm up'?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect does Erikson emphasize is essential for survival in human development?
What aspect does Erikson emphasize is essential for survival in human development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of the embryonic period?
What is the primary focus of the embryonic period?
Signup and view all the answers
What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age do infants typically show adult-like vision?
At what age do infants typically show adult-like vision?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of reflex behaviors in newborns?
What is the primary purpose of reflex behaviors in newborns?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes Piaget's process of assimilation?
Which of the following describes Piaget's process of assimilation?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic is predominant in the preoperational stage according to Piaget?
What characteristic is predominant in the preoperational stage according to Piaget?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the zone of proximal development in Vygotsky's theory?
What is the significance of the zone of proximal development in Vygotsky's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What milestone is achieved during the sensorimotor stage?
What milestone is achieved during the sensorimotor stage?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the concept of 'maturation' refer to in child development?
What does the concept of 'maturation' refer to in child development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of the concrete operational stage?
What is the main focus of the concrete operational stage?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'theory of mind' allow a child to do?
What does 'theory of mind' allow a child to do?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during the fetal period of development?
What happens during the fetal period of development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
What is a common effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
When do infants generally start to hear sounds?
When do infants generally start to hear sounds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's moral development stages?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's moral development stages?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stage of moral development is characterized by guiding actions through self-interest?
Which stage of moral development is characterized by guiding actions through self-interest?
Signup and view all the answers
How did Carol Gilligan critique Kohlberg's theory?
How did Carol Gilligan critique Kohlberg's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of a teratogen?
What is an example of a teratogen?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age does the sensorimotor stage of development typically occur?
At what age does the sensorimotor stage of development typically occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'object permanence' refer to in cognitive development?
What does 'object permanence' refer to in cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of the concrete operational stage?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the concrete operational stage?
Signup and view all the answers
What approach does Carol Gilligan’s Ethics of Care emphasize?
What approach does Carol Gilligan’s Ethics of Care emphasize?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes the emotional bond usually formed between a child and caregiver?
Which term describes the emotional bond usually formed between a child and caregiver?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept refers to a limited time frame for certain skills or attachments to develop?
What concept refers to a limited time frame for certain skills or attachments to develop?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stage follows the formal operational stage in cognitive development as per Piaget?
Which stage follows the formal operational stage in cognitive development as per Piaget?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'habituation' refer to in developmental psychology?
What does 'habituation' refer to in developmental psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of 'identity' in developmental psychology?
What is the primary focus of 'identity' in developmental psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'emerging adulthood' typically refer to?
What does 'emerging adulthood' typically refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Behavioral Genetics
- Dual-track mind: unconscious mind (below awareness) influences behavior and decisions, conscious mind (awareness) also affects behavior.
- Behavioral genetics studies the link between genetics and behavior.
- Nature vs. Nurture:
- Genotype: an individual's genetic profile
- Phenotype: observable characteristics
- Genetics:
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
- Chromosomes are long strands of DNA
- Last two chromosomes are sex chromosomes: XX (female), XY (male)
- Genes are segments of chromosomes, basic units of heredity that contain protein-making instructions.
- Alleles: different versions of a gene, causing variations.
- Dominant vs. recessive alleles influence traits.
- Sex-linked traits are controlled by genes on the X chromosome, males have only one X so affected more than females.
- Environmental Influences:
- Parents are influential during childhood.
- Peers become more influential during adolescence.
- Culture shapes behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions.
Twin Studies & Adoption Studies
- Twin studies: compare concordance rates (likelihood of both twins having a trait if one has it) between identical (MZ) and fraternal (DZ) twins.
- Identical twins share 100% of their genes, fraternal twins share 50%.
- Adoption studies: compare traits between adopted children and their biological versus adoptive parents to determine genetic/environmental influences.
- Epigenetic influences: Changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence (e.g., effects of a mother rat licking her pups on gene expression in the offspring).
Development Psychology
- Domains of development:
- Physical (body, brain, motor skills, and sensory abilities).
- Cognitive (thinking, perception, reasoning).
- Socio-emotional (emotional bonds, personality).
- Fundamental issues in development: nature vs. nurture, is development continuous or in stages, sensitive periods?
- Prenatal development:
- Zygote: fertilized egg
- Germinal period (first two weeks): conception to implantation.
- Embryonic period (3-8 weeks): cell differentiation, organ formation.
- Fetal period (9 weeks to birth): continued growth, refinement of systems.
- Developmental psychology studies change from conception to death.
- Types of study designs in Dev. Psych.: Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-sequential.
Newborn Abilities
- Newborn mental abilities: demonstrate basic learning (habituation), sensory capacities (vision, auditory, touch).
- Newborn motor abilities: have reflexes vital for survival (e.g., rooting reflex)
Physical Development
- Maturation drives physical development, alongside sensitive periods when skill acquisition is influenced.
- Brain development, myelination improves thinking and movement.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory: stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): object permanence.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): egocentrism, symbolic thinking, lack of conservation of volume.
- Concrete operational (7-12 years): logical reasoning, conservation ability.
- Formal operational (12+ years): abstract reasoning, problem-solving.
- Assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas.
- Accommodation: adjusting schemas to fit new experiences.
Adolescent Development
- Adolescent egocentrism: feeling that everyone is judging you, personal fable.
- Identity formation: a crucial part of adolescence, involves exploring and solidifying a personal identity.
- Erikson's theory of psychosocial development: stages of psychosocial development
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1): basic trust in caregivers.
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3): developing independence.
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5): initiating activities and taking initiative.
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12): learning skills and comparing themselves with peers.
- Identity vs. Confusion (12-18): exploring identity and values.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40s): forming close relationships.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65): focusing on contributions to society.
- Integrity vs. Despair (65+): reflecting on life.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's theory: stages of moral reasoning, preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
- Carol Gilligan's critique: proposed differing perspectives of moral reasoning in women.
Types of Parenting Styles
- Diana Baumrind's three parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, authoritative. Authoritative parenting generally leads to secure attachment.
Temperament
- Temperament: individual differences in behavioral styles and intensity.
Attachment
- Attachment: strong emotional bond between infants and caregivers.
- Secure attachment, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant attachment.
- Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety. Factors affecting attachment include parenting style and child temperament.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating field of behavioral genetics, focusing on how genetics and environment shape behavior and decisions. Understand the concepts of genotype and phenotype, as well as the roles of chromosomes and alleles in influencing traits. This quiz will delve into the nature vs. nurture debate and the impact of parental and peer influences.
