Nature vs. Nurture Debate

The debate is about whether our behavior is primarily influenced by genetic factors (nature) or environmental experiences (nurture).

Nature refers to the influence of inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual development, and social interactions.

Environment

<p>It explains how natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of genetics in influencing behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glands and muscles of internal organs such as the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It calms the body and conserves energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It arouses the body and mobilizes energy in stressful situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They communicate internally within the brain and spinal cord, acting as intermediaries between sensory and motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rapid response to stimulus involving a direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, often without conscious brain involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once the electrical impulse reaches its threshold, it fires completely down the axon without losing intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium ions rush into the neuron, making the interior more positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon, also known as a neural impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane when it is not firing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period of inactivity following a neuron's firing, during which it cannot fire again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers, disrupting nerve impulse conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in movement, attention, learning, pleasure, and reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arousal, learning, and mood regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain control and pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transmits pain messages to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning, memory, and muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule that stimulates a response by binding to a receptor site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They excite neural activity and speed up body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce neural activity and slow down body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of actual sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any drug or agent with actions similar to morphine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diminishing effect of a drug with repeated use at the same dose, requiring larger doses for the same effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compulsive drug craving and use, despite negative consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discomfort and distress that occur following discontinuing use of an addictive drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatic survival functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention, sleep, and arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of fine motor skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions and drives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with a severed corpus callosum, allowing for separate communication with each hemisphere of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres, carrying messages between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One hemisphere of the brain becomes stronger and more skilled than the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of language expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language comprehension and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment of language, usually caused by damage to Broca's or Wernicke's areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retina -&gt; optic nerve -&gt; optic chiasm -&gt; optic tracts -&gt; lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus -&gt; visual radiations -&gt; visual cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speaking, muscle movements, planning, and judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hearing and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The visual processing areas in the occipital and temporal lobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of the brain to change its structure and function in response to experience or trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A recording of electrical activity in the brain, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain activity by detecting where a radioactive form of glucose goes during a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destroying a piece of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biological clock, a 24-hour cycle of regular bodily rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periodic rhythms recorded in brain electrical activity, including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light sleep characterized by alpha waves, similar to a relaxed state of wakefulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deeper sleep than stage 1, with slower, more regular brain waves and sleep spindles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep, with low-frequency, high-amplitude delta waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory experiences that occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage of sleep characterized by vivid dreams, rapid eye movements, and muscle paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Another term for REM sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where a person is repeatedly awakened during REM sleep leading to increased attempts to enter REM sleep in subsequent nights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dreams reflect random brain activity in the pons that the forebrain tries to create a story from.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural pathways formed during wakefulness are strengthened during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep functions to conserve metabolic energy and extend lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mind replays previous events and prepares for future events during sleep to strengthen memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrollable sleep attacks that can occur at any time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The person does not experience the normal paralysis during REM sleep and acts out their dreams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep, causing repeated awakenings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleepwalking, performing activities while asleep without waking up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of one form of energy into another, transforming stimulus energies into neural impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The threshold at which one can distinguish two stimuli that differ in intensity but are otherwise identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle that for two stimuli to be perceived as different, they must differ by a constant minimum percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Describing one kind of sensation in terms of another, such as 'a loud color' or 'a sweet sound'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It changes shape to help focus images on the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing receptor cells (rods and cones) and neurons that process visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black, white, and gray, necessary for peripheral and low-light vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, lacking receptor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central focal point in the retina where cones cluster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lens adjusts its thickness to focus on objects at different distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where nearby objects are seen clearly but distant objects are blurry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process where the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green, which combine to create all colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It posits that color vision is based on opposing processes, such as red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of color blindness where one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers