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Questions and Answers
In the study, forward chaining was observed to be associated with more rapid acquisition in how many of Bella's comparisons?
In the study, forward chaining was observed to be associated with more rapid acquisition in how many of Bella's comparisons?
Across all participants, in how many comparisons was backward chaining associated with fewer trials to mastery?
Across all participants, in how many comparisons was backward chaining associated with fewer trials to mastery?
For Katie, marginal differences between backward and forward chaining were observed with the exception of which motor sequences?
For Katie, marginal differences between backward and forward chaining were observed with the exception of which motor sequences?
What was the range of difference in trials to mastery observed between backward and forward chaining?
What was the range of difference in trials to mastery observed between backward and forward chaining?
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What did researchers seek to determine regarding the acquisition of shorter motor sequences?
What did researchers seek to determine regarding the acquisition of shorter motor sequences?
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What did Hur and Osborne (1993) investigate regarding teaching procedures?
What did Hur and Osborne (1993) investigate regarding teaching procedures?
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Why might teachers consider individual student preferences when selecting teaching procedures?
Why might teachers consider individual student preferences when selecting teaching procedures?
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What was the purpose of using the concurrent-chains methodology of Hanley (2010) in the study?
What was the purpose of using the concurrent-chains methodology of Hanley (2010) in the study?
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What was the consequence during baseline trials if the participant responded incorrectly to the motor sequence?
What was the consequence during baseline trials if the participant responded incorrectly to the motor sequence?
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What potential benefit might arise from offering children, especially those with disabilities, opportunities to express their preferences for therapeutic programming?
What potential benefit might arise from offering children, especially those with disabilities, opportunities to express their preferences for therapeutic programming?
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During forward chaining, what action did the teacher take immediately after the participant correctly performed the targeted step?
During forward chaining, what action did the teacher take immediately after the participant correctly performed the targeted step?
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In the described teaching trials, what type of prompt was provided if the participant did not correctly emit the motor sequence after a model prompt?
In the described teaching trials, what type of prompt was provided if the participant did not correctly emit the motor sequence after a model prompt?
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Why might assessing children’s preferences for teaching strategies be challenging?
Why might assessing children’s preferences for teaching strategies be challenging?
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Why did the teachers provide physical guidance for untrained steps during forward-chaining conditions?
Why did the teachers provide physical guidance for untrained steps during forward-chaining conditions?
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How did backward-chaining conditions differ from forward-chaining conditions in the teaching of the motor sequence?
How did backward-chaining conditions differ from forward-chaining conditions in the teaching of the motor sequence?
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What is the primary conclusion regarding the effectiveness of forward and backward chaining in establishing behavior chains?
What is the primary conclusion regarding the effectiveness of forward and backward chaining in establishing behavior chains?
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According to the study, how did participants generally perceive forward and backward chaining procedures compared to a control condition (no chaining)?
According to the study, how did participants generally perceive forward and backward chaining procedures compared to a control condition (no chaining)?
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What implication does the study's findings have for teachers and interventionists in choosing between forward and backward chaining?
What implication does the study's findings have for teachers and interventionists in choosing between forward and backward chaining?
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What was the finding of the study regarding participants' preference between forward and backward chaining?
What was the finding of the study regarding participants' preference between forward and backward chaining?
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What does the study suggest about predicting a participant's sensitivity to a chaining procedure during longer tasks based on their performance in brief tasks?
What does the study suggest about predicting a participant's sensitivity to a chaining procedure during longer tasks based on their performance in brief tasks?
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Which statement accurately reflects Daniel and Katie's preference assessment results?
Which statement accurately reflects Daniel and Katie's preference assessment results?
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What was the primary basis for terminating Daniel, Katie, and Bella's preference assessments?
What was the primary basis for terminating Daniel, Katie, and Bella's preference assessments?
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In the context of motor-sequence learning, how did forward chaining generally compare to backward chaining in terms of trials to mastery?
In the context of motor-sequence learning, how did forward chaining generally compare to backward chaining in terms of trials to mastery?
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Which participant showed a distinct preference for a specific chaining procedure?
Which participant showed a distinct preference for a specific chaining procedure?
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If a researcher aims to minimize the number of trials needed for mastery in motor sequence learning, under what condition should they choose forward chaining over backward chaining, based on the data?
If a researcher aims to minimize the number of trials needed for mastery in motor sequence learning, under what condition should they choose forward chaining over backward chaining, based on the data?
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Bella's assessment differed from Daniel's and Katie's in that she:
Bella's assessment differed from Daniel's and Katie's in that she:
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Considering the results, what is the most appropriate conclusion regarding the general effectiveness of forward versus backward chaining?
Considering the results, what is the most appropriate conclusion regarding the general effectiveness of forward versus backward chaining?
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In the nine-step comparison, what was the difference in the number of trials to mastery between backward and forward chaining?
In the nine-step comparison, what was the difference in the number of trials to mastery between backward and forward chaining?
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What is a key difference between forward and backward chaining in task completion?
What is a key difference between forward and backward chaining in task completion?
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Why might a teacher's preference for a chaining procedure be important?
Why might a teacher's preference for a chaining procedure be important?
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In the context of the peanut butter sandwich example, what kind of reinforcement does completing the first step in forward chaining provide?
In the context of the peanut butter sandwich example, what kind of reinforcement does completing the first step in forward chaining provide?
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How might the use of contrived reinforcement in a study obscure the benefits of backward chaining?
How might the use of contrived reinforcement in a study obscure the benefits of backward chaining?
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What is a potential limitation of prompting untrained steps before targeting them for instruction?
What is a potential limitation of prompting untrained steps before targeting them for instruction?
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What should future research evaluate to better understand the differences between forward and backward chaining?
What should future research evaluate to better understand the differences between forward and backward chaining?
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What did Thompson and Iwata (2000) find regarding contingencies?
What did Thompson and Iwata (2000) find regarding contingencies?
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Aside from student and teacher preference, what else should future studies compare regarding forward and backward chaining?
Aside from student and teacher preference, what else should future studies compare regarding forward and backward chaining?
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Flashcards
Backward chaining
Backward chaining
A teaching procedure that starts training with the last step of a task and works backwards to the first step.
Forward chaining
Forward chaining
A teaching method that begins with the first step of a task and progresses to the last step.
Preference assessment
Preference assessment
A method to identify a learner's preferred teaching strategy or task.
Chaining methods
Chaining methods
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Autonomy in learning
Autonomy in learning
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Motor sequence initiation
Motor sequence initiation
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Model prompt
Model prompt
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Praise delivery
Praise delivery
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Physical guidance
Physical guidance
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Task exposure
Task exposure
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Control condition
Control condition
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Motor sequences
Motor sequences
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Mastery criteria
Mastery criteria
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Cumulative selections
Cumulative selections
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Differential sensitivity
Differential sensitivity
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Chaining Procedure Effectiveness
Chaining Procedure Effectiveness
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Participant Indifference
Participant Indifference
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Preference for Chaining Methods
Preference for Chaining Methods
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Complex Behavior Chains
Complex Behavior Chains
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Teaching Implications
Teaching Implications
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Free-choice trials
Free-choice trials
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Trial counts
Trial counts
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Rapid acquisition
Rapid acquisition
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Selection preference
Selection preference
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Backward chaining efficiency
Backward chaining efficiency
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Backward and forward chaining comparison
Backward and forward chaining comparison
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Natural reinforcement
Natural reinforcement
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Socially contrived reinforcement
Socially contrived reinforcement
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Chaining differences
Chaining differences
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Prompting untrained steps
Prompting untrained steps
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Instructor preference
Instructor preference
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Reinforcement contingency
Reinforcement contingency
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Task completion
Task completion
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Study Notes
Assessment of Forward and Backward Chaining Efficiency
- Comparative studies suggest learner sensitivity to chaining procedures varies across individuals and tasks.
- Current study assessed differential sensitivity to chaining procedures in children across multiple, similarly-themed but varying complexity tasks.
- It evaluated if sensitivity to a chaining procedure in a short task predicted performance in longer tasks.
- Preferences for chaining procedures were assessed using a concurrent-chains preference assessment.
- All children learned the target skills under both forward and backward chaining, but no consistent efficiency differences were found between methods.
Behavior Chaining Procedures
- Behavior analysts commonly use response-chaining procedures to teach multistep skills, from tasks like food preparation to more complex behaviors like assembling machinery.
- Forward chaining involves sequentially teaching task components, starting with the first step. Reinforcement depends on the accurate completion of all previously mastered steps.
- Backward chaining begins with the final task step, then sequentially incorporates preceding ones. Reinforcement depends on consistent completion of all steps up to and including the current step.
- Both procedures are frequently used with diverse learners, including those with intellectual disabilities.
Methodological Considerations
- Participants were randomly assigned to forward or backward chaining groups.
- Participants were evaluated on 3, 6, 9, and 18-step motor tasks.
- A concurrent-chains preference assessment was employed to directly measure children's preferences for forward, backward, or no prompting methods.
- Baseline trials were conducted to ensure participants could not engage in the motor sequence prior to instruction.
Efficiency Assessment
- Data from the efficiency assessment was presented graphically (Figure 1) showing the number of trials to mastery for each participant.
- For some participants, backward chaining resulted in significantly fewer trials to mastery compared to forward chaining.
- There was no consistent preference for either forward or backward chaining across all participants, and no consistent correspondence between performance across different task lengths.
Preference Assessment Results
- Participants' cumulative selections from the preference portion are shown in figure 2.
- Participants generally displayed consistent preference for forward or backward chaining, often avoiding the no-prompting condition.
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Description
This quiz assesses understanding of behavior chaining procedures, particularly forward and backward chaining methods used in teaching multistep skills. It also covers comparative studies on how children respond to these practices across various tasks of differing complexities.