Behavior Chaining Procedures Study
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Questions and Answers

In the study, forward chaining was observed to be associated with more rapid acquisition in how many of Bella's comparisons?

  • Two
  • Four (correct)
  • Three
  • None
  • Across all participants, in how many comparisons was backward chaining associated with fewer trials to mastery?

  • Ten
  • Six (correct)
  • Eight
  • Four
  • For Katie, marginal differences between backward and forward chaining were observed with the exception of which motor sequences?

  • 6-step and 9-step
  • 9-step and 18-step (correct)
  • 3-step and 6-step
  • 3-step and 18-step
  • What was the range of difference in trials to mastery observed between backward and forward chaining?

    <p>0 to 13 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers seek to determine regarding the acquisition of shorter motor sequences?

    <p>If they could predict differential sensitivity in acquisition of longer motor sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hur and Osborne (1993) investigate regarding teaching procedures?

    <p>Comparing backward and forward chaining in teaching a complex skill. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might teachers consider individual student preferences when selecting teaching procedures?

    <p>To increase time on task, limit problem behavior, and respect the student's autonomy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of using the concurrent-chains methodology of Hanley (2010) in the study?

    <p>To provide participants the opportunity to select their preferred teaching method. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence during baseline trials if the participant responded incorrectly to the motor sequence?

    <p>There were no consequences for incorrect or correct responding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential benefit might arise from offering children, especially those with disabilities, opportunities to express their preferences for therapeutic programming?

    <p>Increased time on task and a reduction in problem behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forward chaining, what action did the teacher take immediately after the participant correctly performed the targeted step?

    <p>Physically guided the participant to complete all untargeted steps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the described teaching trials, what type of prompt was provided if the participant did not correctly emit the motor sequence after a model prompt?

    <p>A physical prompt, guiding the participant to complete the steps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might assessing children’s preferences for teaching strategies be challenging?

    <p>Children, particularly those with disabilities, may have limited vocal repertoires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the teachers provide physical guidance for untrained steps during forward-chaining conditions?

    <p>To match exposure to these steps with that experienced during backward-chaining sessions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did backward-chaining conditions differ from forward-chaining conditions in the teaching of the motor sequence?

    <p>Backward chaining targeted the terminal step of the sequence initially, whereas forward chaining targeted the first step. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conclusion regarding the effectiveness of forward and backward chaining in establishing behavior chains?

    <p>Forward- and backward-chaining procedures are similarly effective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study, how did participants generally perceive forward and backward chaining procedures compared to a control condition (no chaining)?

    <p>Participants preferred either chaining procedure over the no-chaining control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the study's findings have for teachers and interventionists in choosing between forward and backward chaining?

    <p>They should be comfortable implementing either procedure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the finding of the study regarding participants' preference between forward and backward chaining?

    <p>Most participants displayed no preference between the two chaining procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study suggest about predicting a participant's sensitivity to a chaining procedure during longer tasks based on their performance in brief tasks?

    <p>It is not possible to predict sensitivity during longer tasks based on brief tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Daniel and Katie's preference assessment results?

    <p>They alternated between forward and backward chaining with similar frequency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary basis for terminating Daniel, Katie, and Bella's preference assessments?

    <p>They reached the predetermined 15-trial stop criterion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motor-sequence learning, how did forward chaining generally compare to backward chaining in terms of trials to mastery?

    <p>Forward chaining generally required fewer trials, but this wasn't consistent across all comparisons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which participant showed a distinct preference for a specific chaining procedure?

    <p>Paul (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher aims to minimize the number of trials needed for mastery in motor sequence learning, under what condition should they choose forward chaining over backward chaining, based on the data?

    <p>When the specific motor sequence has demonstrated quicker acquisition with forward chaining in prior tests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bella's assessment differed from Daniel's and Katie's in that she:

    <p>selected the control condition on some trials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the results, what is the most appropriate conclusion regarding the general effectiveness of forward versus backward chaining?

    <p>The effectiveness of each chaining method depends on the individual and the specific motor sequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nine-step comparison, what was the difference in the number of trials to mastery between backward and forward chaining?

    <p>Backward chaining required 10 fewer trials than forward chaining. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between forward and backward chaining in task completion?

    <p>Backward chaining results in a more immediate, natural reinforcement compared to forward chaining. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a teacher's preference for a chaining procedure be important?

    <p>If students show no preference, honoring teacher preference may improve implementation and consistency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the peanut butter sandwich example, what kind of reinforcement does completing the first step in forward chaining provide?

    <p>Teacher-delivered praise or edible item. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the use of contrived reinforcement in a study obscure the benefits of backward chaining?

    <p>It eliminates the natural advantage of immediate reinforcement found in backward chaining. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of prompting untrained steps before targeting them for instruction?

    <p>It may result in rapid acquisition in both conditions, minimizing observable differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should future research evaluate to better understand the differences between forward and backward chaining?

    <p>The procedures without additional prompting in place. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thompson and Iwata (2000) find regarding contingencies?

    <p>Direct contingencies may result in more rapid acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aside from student and teacher preference, what else should future studies compare regarding forward and backward chaining?

    <p>Compare the methods with disparate tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Backward chaining

    A teaching procedure that starts training with the last step of a task and works backwards to the first step.

    Forward chaining

    A teaching method that begins with the first step of a task and progresses to the last step.

    Preference assessment

    A method to identify a learner's preferred teaching strategy or task.

    Chaining methods

    Techniques that connect smaller tasks into larger sequences for learning.

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    Autonomy in learning

    The ability for a learner to make choices in their educational process.

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    Motor sequence initiation

    The process of starting a sequence of motor skills based on instructions.

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    Model prompt

    A demonstration provided by the teacher to show how to complete a task correctly.

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    Praise delivery

    Positive reinforcement given after a participant completes a task correctly.

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    Physical guidance

    The teacher assisting the participant by guiding their movements during a task.

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    Task exposure

    The experience of encountering all steps within a sequence to aid learning.

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    Control condition

    The standard condition used for comparison in an experiment.

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    Motor sequences

    A series of motor tasks that are learned in order.

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    Mastery criteria

    Criteria established to determine if a learner has mastered a skill.

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    Cumulative selections

    The total choices made over a series of trials in an assessment.

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    Differential sensitivity

    Variability in how individuals respond to different teaching methods.

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    Chaining Procedure Effectiveness

    Both forward and backward chaining methods are equally effective in teaching behavior chains.

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    Participant Indifference

    Participants showed no strong preference between forward or backward chaining methods.

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    Preference for Chaining Methods

    Participants generally preferred chaining methods over no-chaining conditions.

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    Complex Behavior Chains

    Both chaining procedures can effectively create complex sequences of learned behavior.

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    Teaching Implications

    Teachers can confidently use either chaining procedure based on participant outcomes.

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    Free-choice trials

    Opportunities for participants to select from options without restrictions.

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    Trial counts

    The number of attempts needed to reach mastery in tasks.

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    Rapid acquisition

    Quick learning or mastery of a skill or task.

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    Selection preference

    The tendency to favor one option over others in choices.

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    Backward chaining efficiency

    Effectiveness of backward chaining in achieving mastery with fewer trials.

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    Backward and forward chaining comparison

    Assessment of the two chaining methods regarding trial efficiency.

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    Natural reinforcement

    Consequences that occur naturally from completing a task.

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    Socially contrived reinforcement

    Rewards provided by others for completing a task.

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    Chaining differences

    Variations in outcomes between forward and backward chaining.

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    Prompting untrained steps

    Introducing tasks before they are formally taught.

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    Instructor preference

    Teachers' liking for specific teaching methods.

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    Reinforcement contingency

    Conditions under which reinforcement is given after a behavior.

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    Task completion

    The act of finishing all steps in a designated task.

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    Study Notes

    Assessment of Forward and Backward Chaining Efficiency

    • Comparative studies suggest learner sensitivity to chaining procedures varies across individuals and tasks.
    • Current study assessed differential sensitivity to chaining procedures in children across multiple, similarly-themed but varying complexity tasks.
    • It evaluated if sensitivity to a chaining procedure in a short task predicted performance in longer tasks.
    • Preferences for chaining procedures were assessed using a concurrent-chains preference assessment.
    • All children learned the target skills under both forward and backward chaining, but no consistent efficiency differences were found between methods.

    Behavior Chaining Procedures

    • Behavior analysts commonly use response-chaining procedures to teach multistep skills, from tasks like food preparation to more complex behaviors like assembling machinery.
    • Forward chaining involves sequentially teaching task components, starting with the first step. Reinforcement depends on the accurate completion of all previously mastered steps.
    • Backward chaining begins with the final task step, then sequentially incorporates preceding ones. Reinforcement depends on consistent completion of all steps up to and including the current step.
    • Both procedures are frequently used with diverse learners, including those with intellectual disabilities.

    Methodological Considerations

    • Participants were randomly assigned to forward or backward chaining groups.
    • Participants were evaluated on 3, 6, 9, and 18-step motor tasks.
    • A concurrent-chains preference assessment was employed to directly measure children's preferences for forward, backward, or no prompting methods.
    • Baseline trials were conducted to ensure participants could not engage in the motor sequence prior to instruction.

    Efficiency Assessment

    • Data from the efficiency assessment was presented graphically (Figure 1) showing the number of trials to mastery for each participant.
    • For some participants, backward chaining resulted in significantly fewer trials to mastery compared to forward chaining.
    • There was no consistent preference for either forward or backward chaining across all participants, and no consistent correspondence between performance across different task lengths.

    Preference Assessment Results

    • Participants' cumulative selections from the preference portion are shown in figure 2.
    • Participants generally displayed consistent preference for forward or backward chaining, often avoiding the no-prompting condition.

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    Description

    This quiz assesses understanding of behavior chaining procedures, particularly forward and backward chaining methods used in teaching multistep skills. It also covers comparative studies on how children respond to these practices across various tasks of differing complexities.

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