BEH 5041 Unit 1 Outline Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of learning according to the text?

  • A change in behavior that is only temporary
  • A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience (correct)
  • A change in behavior that is not influenced by experience
  • A temporary change in behavior as a result of experience

What is an example of learning provided in the text?

  • A child only asking their dad for cookies
  • A baby consistently calling their mom 'mama' (correct)
  • A person never touching a red burner on the stove again
  • A person feeling nauseous at the sight of cheese puffs

What does the text state is the basis for how learning occurs?

  • The relative permanence of the behavior change
  • What happens before the behavior, what happens after the behavior, and how much effort is required (correct)
  • The organism's interaction with the environment
  • The specific type of learning, such as classical or operant conditioning

Which of the following is NOT considered an example of learning according to the text?

<p>Billy's behavior changing due to his interaction with the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the examples of learning provided in the text?

<p>One involves a relatively permanent change in behavior and the other involves a temporary change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the text?

<p>To define and provide examples of learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the text?

<p>An introduction to the field of behavior analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the quote attributed to Da Vinci, what is the danger of relying solely on practice without science?

<p>One may become lost and lack direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways mentioned to obtain knowledge about how the world works?

<p>Common sense, logic, and experiment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction made between basic research and the process mentioned in the text?

<p>The text does not provide enough information to make this distinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of manipulating the independent variable (IV) in an experiment?

<p>To observe the effect on the dependent variable (DV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prime directive of science?

<p>Empiricism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption of science?

<p>Rationalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of parsimony state?

<p>The simplest explanation is usually the correct one. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic strategy of science?

<p>Experimentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the necessary requirement for believability in science?

<p>Replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overriding assumption of science?

<p>Determinism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of public behavior?

<p>Jim flares his nostrils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of private behavior?

<p>Vinny feels anxious about his date (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote suggest about science?

<p>It looks for patterns and regularities in natural events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes public behavior?

<p>Behaviors that can be observed or noticed by people around (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given context, what does 'objective' mean?

<p>Based on facts and without bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a human receptor?

<p>Intuition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the sense of muscle movement and position?

<p>Kinesthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptors are necessary for which of the following?

<p>Behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the cutaneous sense (skin and just below the skin surface)?

<p>Infrared vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used in the text to describe the general location or surroundings that can affect behavior?

<p>Environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a human receptor in the text?

<p>Infrared vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Define Behavior

Anything an organism does, including internal events and processes.

What is the Environment?

All the events, stimuli, and conditions that can influence behavior.

What is Behavior Analysis?

The science of learning, which focuses on how behaviors are influenced by their consequences.

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What is Science?

A systematic approach to understanding natural phenomena that emphasizes description, prediction, and control through observation and experimentation.

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What is Determinism?

The assumption that all events have a cause, or that things happen for a reason.

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What is Empiricism?

The practice of relying on observation and experimentation to gather evidence and test hypotheses.

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What is parsimony?

The principle of choosing the simplest explanation for a phenomenon, often attributed to William of Ockham.

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What is Philosophic Doubt?

The willingness to question existing beliefs and assumptions, and to be open to new evidence and interpretations.

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What is Description in Science?

Identifying and describing phenomena of interest.

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What is Prediction in Science?

Forecasting what will happen under certain conditions based on previous observations and data.

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What is Control in Science?

Influencing or manipulating phenomena of interest to achieve a desired outcome.

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What are Receptors?

Sense organs that respond to changes in energy within the environment.

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What is Vision?

The sense of sight, which allows us to perceive light and color.

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What is Hearing?

The sense of hearing, which allows us to perceive sound waves.

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What is Smell?

The sense of smell, which allows us to perceive odors.

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What is taste?

The sense of taste, which allows us to perceive flavors.

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What is Cutaneous sense?

The sense of touch, which allows us to perceive pressure, temperature, and pain through our skin.

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What is Organic sense?

The sense of internal bodily sensations, such as pain, pressure, and movement in internal organs.

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What is Kinesthesis?

The sense of movement and position of the body, which allows us to perceive the position of our limbs and the movement of our muscles.

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What is Vestibular sense?

The sense of balance and spatial orientation, which allows us to perceive our position in space and maintain balance.

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What is an Independent Variable?

A variable that is manipulated by the experimenter in an experiment.

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What is a Dependent Variable?

A variable that is measured in an experiment to observe the effects of the independent variable.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Behavior Analysis

  • Behavior Analysis is the science of learning, which is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
  • Experience refers to an organism's interaction with the environment.

Examples of Learning

  • Eating too many cheese puffs and experiencing nausea and vomiting, then associating the smell and sight of cheese puffs with nausea.
  • Touching a red hot burner on a stove and getting burned, then avoiding red hot burners in the future.
  • A baby babbling "mama" and being picked up and hugged by mom, resulting in consistently calling mom "mama".
  • A sister asking a big brother to play and being ignored, then only asking the big brother to play from then on.

The Science of Learning

  • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
  • Learning occurs based on what happens before behavior, what happens after behavior, how much effort is required to do the behavior, and many other variables.

Definition of Science

  • Science is a systematic approach to understanding natural phenomena, characterized by description, prediction, and control.
  • Science relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its prime directive, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as its necessary requirement for believability, parsimony as its conservative value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience.

Basic Assumptions of Science

  • Empiricism: observing and recording the phenomenon of interest.
  • Parsimony: the simplest explanation is usually the correct one (Occam's Razor).
  • Philosophic Doubt: all knowledge is tentative, and being open to new data leading to new interpretations/explanations.
  • Determinism: the universe is a lawful place.

Goals of Science

  • Description: identifying the phenomena of interest.
  • Prediction: forecasting what will happen under certain conditions.
  • Control: influencing the phenomena of interest.

Human Curiosity and Knowledge

  • There are three ways to obtain knowledge on how the world works: systematic investigation, experiment, and common sense/logic.
  • Experiment involves manipulating variables (independent variables) and observing the effects (dependent variables).

Behavior and the Environment

  • Behavior is what the organism is doing.
  • The environment includes events, stimuli, and conditions that can affect behavior.

Human Receptors

  • Receptors are sense organs that respond to energy changes in the environment (e.g., light, sound, heat, etc.).
  • Examples of human receptors include:
    • Vision
    • Hearing
    • Smell
    • Taste
    • Cutaneous sense (skin and just below the skin surface)
    • Organic sense (deep sensations)
    • Kinesthesis (muscle sense)
    • Vestibular sense (balance)

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