Begging the Question in Arguments
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Questions and Answers

What does it mean to beg the question in an argument?

  • Introducing an unrelated topic to distract from the argument
  • Using evidence that clearly supports your conclusion
  • Making a claim without providing any premises
  • Restating premises that depend on the conclusion being true (correct)

Which of the following statements exemplifies begging the question?

  • Basic income should be provided to those who are impoverished.
  • Financial subsidies are necessary for the wellbeing of the poor.
  • Those who are poor should receive monetary support to improve their situation. (correct)
  • People below the poverty line deserve financial help.

Why is it problematic to present premises that only reiterate the conclusion?

  • They can confuse the audience about the argument.
  • They are easier to refute in a debate.
  • They often introduce logical fallacies unrelated to the main argument.
  • They only appeal to those who already agree with the conclusion. (correct)

What consequence can arise from relying on premises that beg the question?

<p>It can lead to circular reasoning and weaken the argument. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is it most likely that begging the question occurs?

<p>When the premises merely restate or assume the conclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a 'universal' audience?

<p>They are open-minded and diverse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often the goal of arguing in public debates?

<p>To establish consensus or make decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In conflict scenarios like union negotiations, what is crucial for success?

<p>Recognizing the premises acceptable to both sides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can agreement be secured in situations where audiences disagree?

<p>By employing premises acceptable to both sides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary argument made by supporters of urban coyotes?

<p>Coyotes can coexist peacefully with humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do non-supporters of urban coyotes argue?

<p>Coyotes can pose problems and attack pets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does critical thinking play in discussions involving a universal audience?

<p>It aids in developing shared understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be the outcome of arguments addressing a universal audience?

<p>Establishment of decision-making and understanding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do inconsistent letters have on the credibility of an arguer?

<p>They may damage the credibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severe kind of inconsistency an arguer can present?

<p>A contradiction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an arguer address unacceptable premises in their argument?

<p>By providing further arguments that back their premises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What denotes a strong sense of contradiction?

<p>Statements that cannot both be true at the same time in the same respect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does saying 'She is the best sister one could have, even though she has stolen from me on occasion' carry?

<p>A contradiction in the claims made. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when premises are inconsistent?

<p>There is no way to defend inconsistent premises. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might members of a hiring committee question in response to inconsistent letters of recommendation?

<p>The credibility of the recommender. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement illustrates a weak contradiction?

<p>I believe this is a good idea, but it may have issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant challenge when assessing the premise of dignity in relation to sex work?

<p>The definition of dignity varies widely. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a questionable premise regarding the choice of women in prostitution?

<p>No woman would choose prostitution if she were warm and fed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the premise stating dignity is innate be deemed controversial?

<p>It requires concrete evidence to support its truth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a reason to possibly support legislation for sex workers?

<p>Sex workers should not be treated as commodities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem does the text highlight regarding generalizations in arguments about sex work?

<p>They can be difficult to validate empirically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is crucial for determining whether a premise in an argument is acceptable?

<p>The premise must have supporting evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the letter writer's arguments, what does treating humans with dignity imply?

<p>Humans should always be treated with respect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about premises that are vague or ambiguous?

<p>They may lead to the acceptance of flawed arguments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might some residents in urban areas consider coyotes to be?

<p>Dangerous nuisances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In discussing the acceptable premises regarding coyotes, what factor must be considered?

<p>The attitudes of the residents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about the burden of proof when a premise is accepted as it stands?

<p>The burden rests on those who reject the premise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the discussion about urban coyotes require from a moral perspective?

<p>An examination of risk and responsibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the premises regarding coyotes affected by geographical differences?

<p>They are influenced by local attitudes towards wildlife (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be established to justify arguments involving coyote management in cities?

<p>The cost of eliminating coyotes must be less than potential risks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential attitude some residents may have towards coyotes?

<p>They consider them an extension of urban nature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In arguing about legal scooter use on sidewalks in New York, who holds the burden of proof if the claim is illegal?

<p>The person asserting the law holds the burden (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate if a premise is accepted without further support?

<p>It is generally accepted as truth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following claims is likely to be considered questionable?

<p>The Grind is a humane process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of claims can be established as acceptable by definitions?

<p>Self-evident claims. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which claim suggests a comparison that may be difficult to validate?

<p>Hunting whales is like playing violent video games. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should missing evidence in an argument be addressed?

<p>By stating what needs clarification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of stating that traditions are very important to a culture?

<p>It may represent a perspective that needs support or clarification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the claim 'The Grind is a barbaric practice' be seen as unacceptable?

<p>It is based on subjective opinion without supporting evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a claim cannot be defended in front of a universal audience?

<p>It requires more evidence and support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Contradiction

A statement that directly contradicts another statement, making it impossible for both to be true simultaneously.

Inconsistent Claims

Situations where an individual makes conflicting claims that cannot all be true at the same time.

Credibility

The degree to which an individual is believed and trusted based on their arguments and actions.

Damage to Credibility

When inconsistent claims are exposed, it undermines the trustworthiness of the person making the argument.

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Contradiction (weak sense)

The act of directly disagreeing or expressing opposition to a statement.

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Contradiction (strong sense)

When an individual makes irreconcilable statements that cannot both be true simultaneously.

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Defending Premises

The act of supporting a premise with further arguments to establish its validity.

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Audience Trust

The trustworthiness that audiences place in an arguer and their claims.

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Universal Audience

Arguments that aim to build consensus among diverse individuals with varying viewpoints.

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Reasonable

Reasoning that aligns with critical thinking principles and values logical consistency, evidence-based reasoning, and sound judgement.

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Agreement as Goal

Seeking agreement or common ground with an audience, even if fundamental disagreements persist.

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Premise Acceptability

Supporting an argument with premises (assumptions) that different audience groups will find acceptable.

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Multiple Premises

Multiple sets of premises used to persuade diverse audiences, even if those premises are distinct.

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Bargaining Teams

A scenario where two parties (e.g., union and management) must negotiate a mutually agreeable outcome.

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Agreement in Bargaining

The ability to persuade both the company's stakeholders and the union members using premises they both accept.

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Urban Coyotes

The phenomenon of coyotes becoming increasingly common in urban areas, sparking debate about their management.

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Begging the Question

A fallacy that assumes the truth of a conclusion in its premises.

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Circular Reasoning

A type of reasoning where the premises are not distinct and simply restate the conclusion in different words, failing to provide actual evidence.

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Who has the burden of proof?

The responsibility for providing evidence or justification for a claim or argument. It typically rests with the person making the claim.

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What is an acceptable premise?

A statement or assumption that is accepted as true and provides the foundation for an argument. It should be clearly acceptable and agreed upon.

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How does burden of proof relate to acceptable premises?

In an argument, the person who wants to use a premise that's not universally accepted needs to provide evidence to support it.

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When does the burden of proof shift?

When a premise (or claim) is widely accepted as true, the burden of proof falls on those who disagree with it. They need to present evidence to refute the claim.

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What is a premise in an argument?

A statement that is accepted as true without requiring further proof, often based on shared knowledge or societal norms.

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Why are premises important in arguments?

The strength of an argument depends on the quality and acceptance of its premises. Weak or questionable premises make the argument less convincing.

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How can you strengthen an argument?

An argument can be strengthened by providing evidence, examples, or reasoning that supports its premises. This makes the premises more acceptable and the argument more persuasive.

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How do attitudes influence acceptable premises?

Different cities or communities may have different attitudes towards a certain issue, like the presence of coyotes. This can influence what premises are considered acceptable in each community.

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Acceptable Premise

A statement that is generally accepted or supported by other evidence to the point that a reasonable audience would agree with it.

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Unacceptable Premise

A claim made to support an argument that requires additional evidence or clarification to be considered valid.

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Questionable Premise

A statement that may be partially true or require further investigation to determine its validity.

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Acceptance by Definition

Supporting a claim by referencing a definition or self-evident truth.

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Universal Acceptability

The ability of a premise to withstand scrutiny by a diverse audience with various perspectives.

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Conditions of Acceptability

A set of criteria used to determine whether a premise is acceptable, including whether it is supported by evidence, logical, and consistent with known facts.

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Premise

A statement in an argument that is assumed to be true without proof. It is used as a foundation for the argument's conclusion.

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Questionable Premise (Meaning)

A premise that is unclear or ambiguous. Its meaning is not easily understood, making it difficult to assess its truth.

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Questionable Premise (Evidence)

A premise that lacks sufficient evidence to support it. It is hard to find or gather evidence that confirms its truth.

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Unacceptable Premise (Generalization)

A premise that is so general or broad that it is difficult to support with evidence. It applies to a wide range of situations, making it hard to prove true for all cases.

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Argument Strength

The degree to which an argument is persuasive or convincing, based on the strength of its premises and reasoning.

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Supporting Claim

A statement that is offered as a justification for a claim. It is a reason given to support the conclusion of an argument.

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Study Notes

Premises: Consistent, True, Acceptable

  • A strong argument requires acceptable premises and a valid inference.
  • Acceptable premises can be true, likely true, plausibly true, or more probable than not.
  • Determining premise acceptability depends on context and consequences. High standards are required for arguments with significant consequences.
  • Arguments with multiple perspectives and complex facts often require higher standards of premise acceptability.

Consistency and Inconsistency

  • Responsible arguers are consistent; their beliefs and claims are compatible.
  • Inconsistent premises contradict each other, for instance, claiming simultaneous presence at two locations.
  • Inconsistencies damage credibility.

Truth and Acceptability

  • Premises can be acceptable due to their truth value.
  • Evaluating premise acceptability is complex, involving truth, probability, plausibility, moral or political justification, or reasonable hypotheses.
  • Context plays a vital role in determining acceptability. Standards vary depending on the situation.

Begging the Question

  • A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning.
  • "Begging the question" is a fallacy of circular reasoning, where a conclusion is assumed in the premise.
  • The premise repeats the conclusion, using different words, but essentially saying the same thing.

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Related Documents

Premise Acceptability in Arguments (GRM)

Description

This quiz explores the concept of begging the question in logical arguments. It examines why this fallacy is problematic and what scenarios are most likely to result in this type of reasoning. Test your understanding of this important aspect of argumentation.

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