Psychopathology

<p>Abnormal behavior that prevents the person from carrying out expected behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent and recurrent thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent and recurrent thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme anxiety if rituals are not performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deviation from ideal mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to psychological distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressive realism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associations are based on correlations, while causation implies a cause-and-effect relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that the treatment for a condition is the cause of the condition itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine levels are elevated in individuals with schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The PFC is over-activated in individuals with OCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic factors create vulnerability to OCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distortions of thought processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deeply held negative beliefs acquired in childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative beliefs are a risk factor for developing depression when exposed to stressful life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>causes, development, course, classification, and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>statistical infrequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>desirability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The definition of abnormality based on statistical infrequency refers to classifying a person's trait, thinking, or behavior as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strengths of the definition of abnormality based on statistical infrequency are that it provides an objective way to define abnormality if an agreed cut-off point can be identified and no value judgments are made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limitations of the definition of abnormality based on statistical infrequency are that it fails to distinguish between desirable and undesirable behavior and many very gifted individuals could be classified as 'abnormal' using this definition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diane's behavior could be defined as deviating from social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three definitions of abnormality, other than deviation from ideal mental health, are statistical infrequency, failure to function adequately, and deviation from social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One cognitive characteristic of OCD that can be identified from Steven's description is the presence of obsessive thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One behavioral characteristic of OCD that can be identified from Steven's description is the need to engage in compulsive behaviors to neutralize obsessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The aim of cognitive behavioral therapy is to change the way a client thinks by challenging irrational and maladaptive thought processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative and unrealistic thoughts can cause distress and result in problems for individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressive realism refers to the idea that sometimes negative cognitions provide a more accurate view of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural relativism and variation of norms over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive self-attitude, self-actualization, autonomy, accurate perception of reality, environmental mastery, and positive interpersonal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors that prevent a person from carrying out the range of behaviors that society would expect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dopamine hypothesis argues that elevated levels of dopamine are related to symptoms of schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic factors play a role in the development of OCD, as suggested by family and twin studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main characteristic of depression according to the cognitive approach is negative thinking, such as negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is over-activated in individuals with OCD, leading to an exaggerated control of primal impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least five or more symptoms of depression should be apparent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faulty cognitions about others, our world, and ourselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral: Neglect of personal appearance, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep patterns, withdrawal from others. Emotional: Intense sadness, irritability, apathy, feelings of worthlessness, and anger. Cognitive: Negative thoughts, lack of concentration, low self-esteem, poor memory, recurrent thoughts of death, and low confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive biases are distortions of thought processes. Individuals with depression are prone to making logical errors in their thinking and tend to focus selectively on certain negative aspects of a situation while ignoring equally relevant positive information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Ellis, depression is caused by irrational thoughts (beliefs) triggered by negative events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They found that individuals who had experienced many negative life events had an increased likelihood of developing depression only if they were initially high in negative attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical Infrequency = This definition fails to distinguish between desirable and undesirable behavior Failure to Function Adequately = Refers to an abnormality that prevents the person from carrying out the range of behaviors that society would expect Deviation from Ideal Mental Health = Abnormality is defined as a deviation from the six criteria necessary for ideal mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strength = No value judgments are made Limitation = Statistically speaking, many very gifted individuals could be classified as ‘abnormal’ using this definition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral = Ben's change in eating patterns and weight loss Emotional = Ben's feeling of intense sadness Cognitive = Ben's difficulty in concentrating for long periods of time Genetic = Ben's predisposition to certain mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressive Realism = A term used to describe a more accurate view of the world through negative cognitions Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = Aims to change the way a client thinks by challenging irrational and maladaptive thought processes Psychopathology = The scientific study of mental disorders Negative Triad = Three forms of negative thinking typical of individuals with depression, according to Beck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressive Realism = Not attributed to a specific proponent in the given text Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = Not attributed to a specific proponent in the given text Negative Triad = Attributed to Beck in the given text Dopamine Hypothesis = Not mentioned in the given text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressive Realism = A theory that suggests sometimes negative cognitions are a more accurate view of the world Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = A therapy that aims to change the way a client thinks by challenging irrational and maladaptive thought processes Psychopathology = Not clearly defined in the given text, but mentioned in the context of faulty cognitions Dopamine Hypothesis = Not mentioned in the given text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obsessions = Persistent and recurrent thoughts, images, or beliefs entering the mind uninvited and which cannot be removed Compulsions = Repetitive behavioral responses intended to neutralize these obsessions, often involving rigidly applied rules Cognitive = Dominates ones thinking and are persistent and recurrent thoughts, images, or beliefs entering the mind uninvited and which cannot be removed Behavioral = Compulsions are the repetitive behavioral responses intended to neutralize these obsessions, often involving rigidly applied rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormality = A person's trait, thinking, or behavior is classified as abnormal under this definition Cognitive = Relating to or involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering Behavioral = Relating to or involving behavior, especially as it relates to the observable response of an organism to a stimulus Emotional = Relating to or characterized by emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical Infrequency = A definition of abnormality that fails to recognize the context of the particular behavior Cognitive Approach = An approach to psychology that focuses on how people think, perceive, and remember Behavioral Approach = An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable behavior Biological Approach = An approach to psychology that focuses on the biological aspects of behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological Approach = Genetic and neurotransmitter involvement Cognitive Approach = Negative and unrealistic thoughts Behavioral Approach = Classical and operant conditioning Psychodynamic Approach = Unresolved conflicts and early childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative Triad = Three forms of negative thinking typical of individuals with depression: negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future Cognitive Biases = Distortions of thought processes that individuals with depression are prone to making Schemas = Deeply held beliefs that have their origins primarily in childhood and influence how a person interprets events and experiences in their life Beck's Theory = A cognitive theory of depression that states depression-prone individuals develop a negative self-schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aaron Beck = Negative Triad and Negative Schemas Albert Ellis = ABC Model Lewinsohn et al. = Negative thinking can be involved in the development of depression Jahoda = Six criteria necessary for ideal mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating event (A) = The event that triggers the irrational thoughts Irrational belief system (B) = The person's interpretations of events that are unrealistic Consequences (C) = The outcome or behavior resulting from the person's irrational beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressive Realism = The theory that depressed individuals have a more accurate perception of reality Cognitive Approach to Depression = Limited in that it ignores genetic factors and social factors relating to life events and gender Negative Attitudes = Increase the likelihood of developing depression when exposed to stressful life events Faulty Cognitions = Not always a cause of psychopathology according to the cognitive approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deviation from Social Norms = Abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behavior in a particular social group Failure to Function Adequately = Abnormality that prevents the person from carrying out the range of behaviors that society would expect Deviation from Ideal Mental Health = Defines mental illness by looking at the absence of signs of physical health Cultural Relativism = What is considered normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengths of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health = Covers a broad range of criteria, most of which is why someone would seek help from mental health services or be referred for help Strengths of Failure to Function Adequately = Provides a practical checklist of seven criteria individuals can use to check their level of abnormality Limitations of Deviation from Social Norms = Norms can vary over time, resulting in different diagnoses in different cultures Limitations of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health = Unrealistic - Most people do not meet all the ideals because few people experience personal growth all the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deviation from Social Norms = A person’s thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behavior in a particular social group Failure to Function Adequately = Refers to an abnormality that prevents the person from carrying out the range of behaviors that society would expect Cultural Relativism = What is considered normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another Deviation from Ideal Mental Health = Suggests that we define mental illness by looking at the absence of signs of physical health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengths of Deviation from Social Norms = Gives a social dimension to the idea of abnormality, which offers an alternative to the 'sick in the head' individual Strengths of Failure to Function Adequately = Matches the sufferers’ perceptions as most people seeking clinical help believe that they are suffering from psychological problems that interfere with the ability to function properly Limitations of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health = Most people do not meet all the ideals because few people experience personal growth all the time Limitations of Deviation from Social Norms = Social norms can vary from culture to culture, resulting in different definitions of abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral = Observable actions or reactions of an individual Emotional = Feelings or affective experiences of an individual Cognitive = Thought processes or mental activities of an individual Neurochemical = Biochemical or neural factors that influence mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral = Neglect of personal appearance, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep patterns (insomnia), loss of energy (tiredness), withdrawal from others Emotional = Intense sadness, irritability, apathy (loss of interest or enjoyment), feelings of worthlessness, and anger Cognitive = Negative thoughts, lack of concentration, low self-esteem, poor memory, recurrent thoughts of death, and low confidence Neurochemical = Biochemical abnormalities that are not specific to depression and may be true of other mental distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine = High levels may cause OCD, while reduction is positively correlated with a reduction in OCD symptoms Serotonin = Low levels are found in various mental disorders, including OCD, and increasing levels can reduce OCD symptoms Other than Serotonin = Drugs that mainly affect these neurotransmitters are of little or no value in treating OCD Cognitive = Thought processes or mental activities of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological therapy (CBT) = A very successful treatment for mental disorders, including OCD Biological Treatment – Drugs = Two classes of drugs, SSRIs and SRIs, have proved effective in the treatment of OCD by increasing serotonin levels Antidepressant drugs = Can have side effects such as dry mouth, a slight tremor, fast heartbeat, constipation, sleepiness, and weight gain Cognitive Approach = Believes depression stems from faulty cognitions about others, our world, and us</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SERT gene mutation = Increase in the reuptake of serotonin in the neuron COMT gene mutation = Decrease in COMT activity and a higher level of dopamine Genes alone = Create vulnerability but do not determine who will develop OCD Concordance rates = Show that OCD is due to an interaction of genetic and other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin = Chemical thought to be involved in regulating mood, OCD patients have low levels Dopamine = Abnormally high in individuals with OCD, may influence concentration Neurotransmitter imbalance = Could be related to OCD, such as reduced serotonin and excessive dopamine Serotonin and OCD = Related, but it is difficult to establish whether low serotonin causes OCD or is merely associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prefrontal cortex (PFC) = Involved in decision-making and the regulation of primitive aspects of behavior Overactive PFC = Causes an exaggerated control of primal impulses, such as OCD symptoms PFC activation = Reduces after performing appropriate behavior, leading to cessation of OCD symptoms Brain scans of OCD patients = Reliably show increased activity in the PFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral aspect = Washing hands repeatedly to remove germs Cognitive aspect = Inability to stop focusing on obsessive thoughts Emotional aspect = Feeling of intense anxiety when unable to perform compulsions Genetic aspect = Concordance rates and involvement of specific genes in OCD development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SERT gene mutation = Increase in serotonin reuptake COMT gene mutation = Increase in dopamine level Genes = Create vulnerability to OCD Nurture = Treat identical twins similarly, increasing concordance rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin = Regulating mood, low levels in OCD patients Dopamine = Influence concentration, high levels in individuals with OCD Neurotransmitters = Role in causing or effecting OCD is unknown Serotonin and Dopamine = Imbalance related to OCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prefrontal cortex (PFC) = Involved in decision-making, over-activated in OCD patients Brain scans of OCD patients = Reliably show increased activity in the PFC Neurons = Part of the neural mechanisms involved in sending messages Brain = Structured and function differently in OCD patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological Explanations = Reductionist, deterministic Genetic Explanations = Polygenic condition, involvement of several genes Neural Explanations = Refer to brain regions, structures, neurotransmitters Social Learning Theory = Cultural transmission, observation and imitation of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers