BCAT Exam Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is a preference assessment?

Procedures used to systematically identify preferred stimuli that may function as reinforcers.

Which of these are types of extinction? (Select all that apply)

Escape Extinction (correct)

Planned Ignoring (correct)

Sensory Extinction/Response Blocking (correct)

Behavior Modification

Which of the following are types of antecedent-based interventions? (Select all that apply)

Non-contingent reinforcement (correct)

Response Blocking

Task Modification (correct)

Demand Fading (correct)

What is a conditioned (secondary) reinforcer?

Things that become reinforcers due to a history of being paired with already effective reinforcers. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned (primary) reinforcer?

Unlearned, natural reinforcer such as food or drink. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reinforcer?

A stimulus that is provided as a consequence for a behavior that increases or maintains the strength of that behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a punisher?

An aversive stimulus or negative reinforcer that decreases the strength of a behavior when it is presented as a consequence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the categories of responses? (Select all that apply)

No Response Signup and view all the answers

What is an environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus?

Motivating Operations (MO) Signup and view all the answers

Define Contingency.

Dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables. Signup and view all the answers

Satiation leads to an increase in the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A type of reinforcement in which the presentation of the stimulus is contingent upon the response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of Negative Reinforcement?

Increase behavior by removing a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Define Positive Punishment.

A type of punishment where stimulus presentation is contingent upon a response, decreasing future probability of that response. Signup and view all the answers

What is Negative Punishment?

A type of punishment where the removal of a stimulus is contingent on a response, decreasing future probability of that response. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Establishing Operations (EO).

Increases motivation for something and increases likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What are Abolishing Operations (AO)?

Decreases motivation for something and decreases likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

Define Discriminative Stimulus (SD).

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Stimulus Control?

The tendency for the target behavior to occur in the presence of the SD due to past reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)?

Reinforce an alternative response to a problem behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term Generalization?

Occurs when a child uses a newly acquired skill in a novel and appropriate situation without being taught. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behavior Analysis Terminology

Motivating Operations (MO): Environmental variables that influence the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.
Contingency: Refers to the dependent and temporal relationships between operant behavior and its controlling variables.
Satiation: The reduction in the effectiveness of a reinforcer due to repeated exposure, leading to a decrease in response rate.
Positive Reinforcement: Reinforcement method where a stimulus is presented following a response, increasing the likelihood of that response in the future.
Negative Reinforcement: Involves the removal of a stimulus contingent upon a response, enhancing the frequency of that response afterward.
Positive Punishment: The addition of a stimulus after a response, which decreases the chance of that response occurring again.
Negative Punishment: The removal of a stimulus as a consequence of a behavior, resulting in a reduced likelihood of the behavior's future occurrence.
Establishing Operations (EO): Increase motivation for a specific reinforcer, prompting an effort to attain it.
Abolishing Operations (AO): Decrease motivation for a particular reinforcer, reducing the likelihood of attempting to access it.

Stimulus Control and Teaching Strategies

Discriminative Stimulus (SD): A stimulus that indicates a particular response will be reinforced, whereas its absence means that the response is not reinforced.
Stimulus Control: The degree to which a behavior occurs in the presence of the SD due to past reinforcement.
Discrimination Training: A teaching method that helps an individual to differentiate between two or more SDs.
Discrete Trial Training (DTT): An instructional strategy involving isolated tasks taught through multiple trials with specific antecedents and expected responses.
Fluency-Based Training: Enhances an existing skill’s performance by increasing both accuracy and speed.
Errorless Learning: Involves prompting immediately and accurately to ensure correct responses while minimizing errors.
Chaining: A sequential series of SDs and responses where each response leads to the next in the chain.
Forward Chaining: Teaching that begins with the initial SD-Response of a chain, moving forward through the sequence.
Backward Chaining: Starts instruction with the final step of a chain and progresses backward.
Total Task Presentation: Teaching all components of a chain in each trial with reinforcement provided after each response.

Behavior Modification Techniques

Shaping: Gradually reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Error Correction: Procedures that facilitate engagement in the correct response after an incorrect or no response.
Differential Reinforcement: Reinforcers are given based on specific behaviors (DRA, DRI, DRO).
Extinction: Involves withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, leading to its decrease.
Deprivation: The absence of a reinforcer increases its effectiveness when it is reintroduced.
Generalization: When a person uses a newly learned skill in new situations without being explicitly taught.
Maintenance: The ongoing display of behavior changes after the intervention has been tapered off or ceased.

Functions and Types of Behavior

Behavior Deficits in Autism: Includes challenges in language, play, social skills, theory of mind, and self-help capabilities.
Behavior Excesses in Autism: Characterized by repetitive actions, noncompliance, tantrums, and aggression.
Attention Function of Behavior: Behavior's occurrence is often motivated by the provision of attention, whether positive or negative.
Escape Function of Behavior: Engaging in certain behaviors to evade demands or tasks placed upon them.
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA): A systematic approach to identify antecedents and consequences of target behavior to understand its purpose.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Reinforcer: A stimulus that strengthens a behavior when presented following that behavior.
Punisher: An aversive stimulus that weakens a behavior when applied as a consequence.
Types of Reinforcement: Positive, negative, and automatic, each influencing behavior in different ways.
Automatic Reinforcement: Interaction where behavior itself produces reinforcement without external validation.
Conditioned Reinforcer: Reinforcers that gain their effectiveness through association with primary reinforcers.
Unconditioned Reinforcer: Natural reinforcers not requiring prior learning (e.g., food, drink).

Intervention Strategies

Time-Out from Reinforcement: Brief removal from sources of social reinforcement to reduce problem behavior.
Response Cost: The removal of a specific amount of reinforcement following inappropriate behavior as a reduction strategy.
Intermittent vs. Continuous Reinforcement: Continuous reinforcement is for new behavior teaching, while intermittent is for maintaining previously learned behaviors.
Behavioral Momentum: Using previously successful, easy tasks to build compliance before requesting a more difficult task.

Assessment and Training Techniques

Preference Assessment: Identifying preferred stimuli that can function as effective reinforcers.
Graduated Random Rotation: Method of introducing mastered target skills into random sequences to enhance learning.
Distractor Trials: Use of additional known targets in training to improve discrimination skills.
Prompt Fading: The gradual removal of prompts to encourage independent responses as control transfers to the SD.
Pacing: The timing element of presenting trials, crucial for maintaining engagement and learning efficiency.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key terms in behavior analysis with these flashcards. Learn about Motivating Operations, Contingency, and Satiation, essential concepts for the BCAT exam. Enhance your understanding and prepare effectively for your test.