Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

• Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775, after the Battle of Lexington and Concord.
• All colonies were represented and demanded fair treatment of the British.
• Realization that war would require artillery, which they lacked.
• The colonies had many small militias that were hard to mobilize due to farming and taking care of their homes
• The colonies established the Continental Army led by George Washington
• Colonists were ill-prepared and untrained.
• King George declared the colonies to be in rebellion and sent troops, leading to more colonist volunteers.
• Massachusetts colonists moved cannons to Bunker Hill and then Breed's Hill.
• The Battle of Bunker Hill happened on Breed's Hill.

The Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

• Colonists dug ditches atop Breed's Hill to protect themselves
• British General Howe ordered an attack uphill.
• British soldiers had to run up hill with 75lb packs with gunfire constantly raining down on them, and no where to hide for cover
• Brit weapons had bad aim
• Colonist were running out of bullets,
• General Prescott said, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”
• Colonists lost the first planned major battle.
• Colonists were happy because they killed many British leaders/officers, diminishing British organization and leadership.
• Colonists lost the battle but won in spirit.
• Believed they didn't have to win, they just had to wear the British down until they quit.

Second Continental Congress

• Colonists saw themselves as patriots but the British saw them as terrorists.
• The Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George, led by Mr. Dickenson.
• The Olive Branch Petition was a letter requesting the King address their issues and allow them to remain British.
• George Washington was nominated as head of the Continental Army.
• The strategy of Continental Army would be to avoid direct conflict and tire out the British.
• Victory did not require winning a single battle, but making the war too costly for the British.
• King George rejected the Olive Branch Petition and declared the colonies in rebellion
• Colonists rebelled by organizing boycotts, protests, and committees of correspondence.

Continental Army and Navy

• Colonists attempted to set up a Continental Navy, but their ships were inferior to British ships.
• Privateers were hired to attack enemy merchant ships, seen as a more affordable way to create navy
• Letters of Marquis authorized privateer activity.
• Privateer boats were small and ill-equipped, but hired to open the port of Boston that Brits closed
• Privateers were not paid unless they sunk ships.
• This inspired private citizens to risk their ships as they were already blocked from shipping by the British.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

• Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration on July 6, 1775.
• Declared the colonies would fight until the British relented.
• Compared the colonists to slaves, despite the colonists owning slaves themselves.
• Written to encourage people to join the colonial cause.
• Asserted that the British were the aggressors who were denying colonists their rights as British citizens.
• The conflict was described as a "war within a war".
• Not all colonists wanted the war, less than half wanted the war
• Only 30% of colonists were Patriots - The Patriots were fighting for revolution.
• Patriots were generally less wealthy and concentrated in New England.
• 15-20% of colonist were Loyalist - The Loyalist wanted the British to stay in charge.
• Loyalists consisted of wealthy landowners, merchants, and those with family ties to England.
• 45% of colonists were neutral.

Reasons For Staying Loyal

• Fear of England
• Belief it "was not so bad"
• Necessary for economic survival
• Loyalists controlled the ports.
• Ports were economic strongholds
• Ports controlled commerce and trade
• Families were divided over which side to support.

Invasion of Canada

• General Richard Mintgomery and Benedict Arnold led the invasion to remove the British.
• Patriots asked Quebec to be the 14th colony, but they refused.
• The goal was to weaken the British by convincing them to fight on another front.
• Montgomery was killed, and Arnold was injured.
• Every time there was an attempt to fight with Canada, the Patriots would lose

Common Sense

• Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense in 1776 to explain why the colonies should go to war
• The pamphlet sold to hundreds of thousands of colonists - it was written in simple English
• Common Sense got people to support the patriots for the war

Fort Ticonderoga

• It was located in New York - and the fort was not manned
• Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen led the attack getting 50 cannons
• Henry Knox organized sleds with oxen to transport the cannons to NY from Boston
• It took a year to move the cannons down the hills

Siege on Boston in 1776

• George Washington led a sneak attack on Dorchester; Boston
• The date was March 17, 1776
• Boston was controlled by the Brits
• Washington took troops to Dorchester Heights to take control of high ground
• Colonist were trying to free Boston - the brits were being hard on colonists.
• The next morning, the colonists army was over looking the brits on higher ground
• The Brits were caught off guard and ran away to Nova Scotia/Halifax to regroup.
• British also told England to send more troops, troops arrived in July with loads of troops
• Empty houses were free for the taking
• Boston became a hotbed of spies for the British, due to lots of loyalist living there

Richard Henry Lee and the Continental Congress

• In June 1776 Richard Henry Lee headed to the Continental Congress which had been going on sense 1775, it would eventually form into USA Congress
• He read the resolution that America should declare themselves as free
• "These united states are and of right ought to be free and independent states"
• Stated this document is known as The Declaration of Independence - declaring freedom/independence
• Writing of, and signing the Declaration was committing treason
• Declaration of Independence, a document stating the reasons for separation from England.
• It consists of three section including the Preamble, a statement of beliefs, a Thesis
• Patriots incite Native Americans and Patriots move into and sell the left houses from Brits

Military Advantages and Disadvantages

• The war involved a conflict of advantages and disadvantages for both the British and Colonists.
• The British possessed a professional army and hired mercenaries.
• The Patriots/colonist front was on their home turf.
• Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a Prussian general, worked to train the colonists.
• France officially allied with the colonies in 1778
• They created the Continental Army and Navy

British Advantages

• Professional army and hired mercenaries
• Lots of well trained soldiers and supplies
• Navy controlled the ports
• Native Americans can be on their side to stop colonial expansion
• Loyalists can help them

British Disadvantages

• No home team advantage and had to wait for supplies from England
• Didn't have lay of the land and were used to formal fighting unlike the guerilla warfare style practiced by the colonist
• Fighting wars on multiple fronts
• Some people in England don't support the war or internal conflict
• Irish rebellion

Colonist Advantages

• Had home front and easier to fight on land that’s know
• Used guerilla warfare
• Don't' have to wait for supplies from far way
• Has relatives in the same country routing for you = High Morale
• Spain and France want to see you win- they hate the british so much that they send $ and weapons -George Washington on our side and other great generals from around the world as well such as Baron Friedrich

Colonist Disadvantages

• Part time and untrained militia
• Not a lot of money and they are having an economic crisis
• Slave issue
• Lousy weapons
• Disorganized
• Don't have to officially win- just have to keep getting the Brits fight until they are too tired and too costly for them so they just give up.

Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence

1. Preamble Section - introduction - why is the document being sent
   • Laying out why we are separating from England

2)Statement of Beliefs - list of grievances - all the things we feel the kind did wrong - what are beliefs are

3. Thesis Section- resolution of independence - saying we are going to independent

The purpose of the document to tell England we are breaking away.

War Strategies:

• Patriots - attrition, guerilla tactics, and alliances with British enemies like the French.
• British - utilized the strategy of divide and conquer/ break up unity, including blocking ports and putting soldiers by the Hudson, convincing those unsure to join them
• June 71776, Resolution on independence
• July 4 1776 America declares independence

Phases Of War:

• Phase 1: New England until the Declaration was written
• Phase 2: Mid Atlantic, causing tactics to change.
• Phase 3: The South after Brits could not secure a Victory after Phase 2

Thomas Paine and The Crisis

• General Howe was the British General, he was running away with his army from Boston,
• Patriots run to Brooklyn
• The Brits came into Long Island through Kips Bay
• The Patriots then loose and the city is burned
• Thomas Pain laid out a compelling argument in The Crisis
• Stating “These are the time that try men's souls. The summer soldier and a sunshine patriot....what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly”

Trenton, NJ Dec. 25 1775

• GW lead the troops across the Delaware River and surprise attacks on the Brits on Dec 25 -The Brits were drunk and hung over for the holiday -The Patriot troops catch several thousands of Hessians

1. In Saratoga the Patriots win and the French start to think they guy will may win
   • The French give the patriot troops $s 2)1778 a union is created = the FreancoAmerican Treaty = France and the US our oldest allies
   • France gives the US, Loans, privateers, and our fleet
2. Other countries send help. Best help aside from money and weapons were Generals.

Military Personnel

• Marquis de Lafayette from France
• Von Steuben from Prussia
• US. Navy- not much to about
• French navy is only way we can keep them away at sea
• Patriots had fighters but no trained leader

US Navy and John Paul Jones

• John Paul Jones - Colonist who is tired of fighting on American Soil, so he sails to England
• Invades England in 1776 - does one big attack
• He says “I have not begun to fight yet.”- flag that says “Don’t thread on Me”
• Founder of the US Navy
• The French nave helps by being part of a deciding factor in the colonial win

Forts

• Appalachians mountains and not near the coasts
• Settlers are fighting frontier type battles with the Native Americans in this area

George Rogers Clark

• Leader of the colonist fighting to the west
• Did a great job in the territory

Iroquois Confederacy

• During this time the league was coming to an end
• They were divided to which side to fight for
• The Fort Stanwix was written saying to give claim to their land
• The was to bring this fight to an end.
• Black Soldiers started to be drafted

Black Soldier And The American Revolution

• Why would they fight it they are not going to get freedom?
• George Washington wasn't letting blacks in the army because they needed soldiers to help him with issues.
• They have to give them there freedom
• Not allowing them to enlist due to 13th amendment

Go Back Time In Two Years

• The British Governor of VA was hiring British to be on his team
• He issues the Dunmore Proclamation of 1775

1. If Your a Virginian - you need to fight for British stuff
2. if you show up to fight you will be free if fighting for America

• There was an Ethiopian regiment that fought for the British
• Alexander Hamilton said we should have blacks fight and allow them to be free

E pluribus

• Unum- out to many one. And there was spy’s

Patriots

• The patriots will win because of battle tactics - Arrogant and Ambitious - Not good at taking order
• Washington said lets put him in charge, but its a political office where you just have to listen
• Arnold marries a young girl- has shady deal
• Let’s send him to West Point NY where you can just stay there
• The the Brits make him a commander and shares secret with them.
• Has them to get a general and for money he will tell them how to point - Arnold ends up being a traitor

Single Best Think Brits Did

• The brits do this move and go south.

Battle of Kings Mountain MC NC

• A win because the Loyalist were against patriot not Brits 1

Battle Of Cowpenps SC

• The nationalist green was outnumbered - and believed they did not actually win the battle - but draw the brits

Battle of Yorktown

• Cornwallis choose - thinks its safe

Oct. 1781- and the war to end the war

• GW was a soldier, General was smart so he sent his 2nd to get the word. And 8000 British cried

Treaty of Paris 1782 deal

• America sat with the French Spanish and British to figure of the the terms and settle the land
• Why the have issue coming together and want the same land because they fought together
• The guy representing John jay- John Adams and Ben Franklin

Agreement With the USA:

• The Brits are annoyed with us won't have our help and they agree to let the colonist be free

1. better to boundaries along rivers and lakes and not land cus it is a neutral boundary
2. They also now have FREE TRADE - trade with whoever you want and when you want
3. British agree to to remove the military military from America
   • (they font full listen they like the military still England really want to make ure France and Use

1783-1788 in Articles

• SO a person will say these United States •Different History different religions- Different economie - We don all come to getter until war other than that NO.
• the we are vernerscus - we can see that each person is getting money -1748 England is lvoing watching

Shays rebellion

• MA is ran by the city so the army isn't good for those who did not want then
• then is set something about the MA is that what to the GOV because the farmer dont has has been the money has not -So all of the set

Constitutional Convention

• GOV needs to come together because people are saying that the US are not governning correctly
• They makesure all of they
• A new type of law and a new set of GOV and that what it
• People a the time of Constitution 3 main section of the GOV

17 sections in the Constitution

• The new GOV should have Checks to a Balance

The Big 5 Compromises

# 1 State Legislature

• Known at the Great Compromise
• Was the compromises everything of slaes we and we every a new one

Details the second continental congress, the establishment of the continental army, and a summary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, which happened at Breed's Hill. King George declared the colonies to be in rebellion and sent troops, leading to more colonist volunteers.