Basics of I.C. Engines

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What type of engines transfer heat to a second fluid as part of their operation?

Rotary engines

Reciprocating engines

Internal combustion engines

External combustion engines (correct)

Which type of engine has the combustion of air and fuel taking place inside the cylinder?

Internal combustion engines (correct)

Rotary engines

Reciprocating engines

External combustion engines

What type of engine uses a piston arrangement in its basic design?

Rotary engines

Petrol engines

Diesel engines

Reciprocating engines (correct)

Which engine type directly uses the combustion of air and fuel as the motive force?

Internal combustion engines Signup and view all the answers

Which engine type involves the use of a turbine in its basic design?

Rotary engines Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engine uses the combustion heat to generate steam for useful work?

External combustion engine in a steam engine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engine has a higher efficiency, as mentioned in the text?

Compression ignition engine Signup and view all the answers

What material are ordinary engine cylinders typically made of?

Cast iron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engine is light and compact due to lower weight and bulk to output ratio?

Internal Combustion Engine Signup and view all the answers

What provides an air-tight joint between the engine cylinder and cylinder head in an IC engine?

Copper or asbestos gasket Signup and view all the answers

In an IC engine, what converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion of the crankshaft?

Connecting rod Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ring on a piston provides an air-tight seal to prevent leakage of burnt gases into the lower portion?

Compression ring Signup and view all the answers

What allows a spark ignition engine to ignite the fuel?

Spark plug Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engine has a lower working pressure and temperature inside the cylinder?

External Combustion Engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main part of the engine where the piston reciprocates?

Cylinder Signup and view all the answers

Which component provides effective sealing to prevent oil leakage into the engine cylinder?

Piston ring Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle, in terms of the given temperature ratios?

1 - T1/T2 Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, why does increasing the compression ratio lead to an increase in the efficiency of the Otto cycle?

Decreases the temperature difference Signup and view all the answers

What does the ratio 'r' represent in the context of the Otto cycle efficiency?

Compression ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature ratio is shown to be equal to 1 in the equations provided?

T3/T4 Signup and view all the answers

In the Otto cycle, why is the efficiency independent of heat supplied and pressure ratio?

Because of constant specific heats assumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between V1/V2 and V4/V3 in terms of compression ratio 'r'?

V1/V2 = V4/V3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the crankshaft in an internal combustion engine?

Converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the flywheel in an internal combustion engine?

Maintain constant speed by storing and releasing excess energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating displacement volume (Vs) in an internal combustion engine?

$Vs = A \times L$ Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the volume of the space on the combustion side of the piston at top dead center?

Clearance volume Signup and view all the answers

In a four-stroke engine, what happens during the compression stroke?

Fresh charge is compressed into clearance volume Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a two-stroke engine from a four-stroke engine?

No separate piston stroke for suction and exhaust operations Signup and view all the answers

Which engine type has one power stroke in every two revolutions of the crankshaft?

Four-stroke engine Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the disadvantages of a four-stroke engine when compared to a two-stroke engine?

$Volumetric efficiency$ is less due to shorter induction time Signup and view all the answers

'Top dead center' refers to which position in an internal combustion engine?

'Dead centre when position is farthest from the crankshaft' Signup and view all the answers

What does the compression ratio measure in an internal combustion engine?

The ratio of swept volume to clearance volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the expansion ratio or pressure ratio defined as in an Otto cycle?

rp = p3 / p2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume ratio used to measure the isentropic expansion in an Otto cycle?

V4 / V3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ratio of specific heats in an Otto cycle?

Characteristic gas constant Signup and view all the answers

In an Otto cycle, what does T2/T1 equal during the adiabatic compression process?

(V1/V2) ?-1 Signup and view all the answers

How are specific heat values generally affected by temperature for gases in heat engines?

Increase exponentially Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature range do gases, except mono-atomic ones, show an increase in specific heat?

-300 K to 2000 K Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical explanation for the increase in specific heat as the temperature rises?

Increased atom motion within molecules Signup and view all the answers

In Equation (4), what happens when the term T^2 is neglected?

It becomes same as Eqn.1 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the value of Cp - Cv as temperature increases for air?

Remains constant Signup and view all the answers

'Many expressions are available even upto which order of T for the calculation of Cp and Cv?'

T6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of a two-stroke engine over a four-stroke engine?

Lighter flywheel due to more uniform turning movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of a four-stroke engine compared to a two-stroke engine?

One power stroke in each revolution of the crankshaft Signup and view all the answers

What type of fuel is typically used in a spark ignition (SI) engine?

Petrol or gasoline Signup and view all the answers

In an air-standard cycle, what assumption is made about the gas in the engine cylinder?

It obeys the gas laws and has constant specific heats Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Otto cycle in terms of heat addition?

Constant volume heat addition Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the higher maximum efficiency of a compression ignition (CI) engine compared to a spark ignition (SI) engine?

Higher self-ignition temperature in CI engines Signup and view all the answers

What enables air-cycle approximation to provide approximate answers to complex engine problems?

'Air' remaining constant in the cylinder throughout the cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes an Otto cycle from a Diesel cycle?

'Air' properties based on ideal gas assumptions in an Otto cycle Signup and view all the answers

Why are simplifying assumptions necessary in analyzing theoretical cycles in internal combustion engines?

'Air' remaining constant throughout the closed cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for T2 with variable specific heats?

T2' = T1(v1/v2')-1 Signup and view all the answers

In the dissociation process, what is the reaction equation for the dissociation of H2O?

H2O = 2H2 + O2 Signup and view all the answers

What reaction prevents the dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2?

Presence of CO and O2 Signup and view all the answers

In the dissociation process, at what temperature does the dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2 start?

1000°C Signup and view all the answers

What happens during dissociation compared to combustion in terms of heat?

Heat is absorbed during dissociation and liberated during combustion Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for T4' in process 3' 4'?

T4' = T3'(v3/v4)(?-1) Signup and view all the answers

What factor causes an increase in temperature from T4 to T4 due to variable specific heat?

Reduction in k Signup and view all the answers

'Constant volume combustion from point 2' will give a temperature T3' instead of T3'.' This discrepancy is explained by what factor?

'Rise in the value of Cv' Signup and view all the answers

'There is no dissociation in the burnt gases of a lean fuel-air mixture.' This absence of dissociation is attributed to what?

'Low temperatures' Signup and view all the answers

'Dissociation reduces the maximum temperature by about 300°C even at the chemically correct air-fuel ratio.' This reduction in temperature is primarily due to what?

'Dissociation' Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dissociation have on the maximum temperature in an engine as the air-fuel ratio decreases?

Increases Signup and view all the answers

In which type of engine is dissociation effect less pronounced compared to the other type?

Compression Ignition (CI) engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why dissociation effects are reduced in a Compression Ignition (CI) engine?

Heterogeneous mixture Signup and view all the answers

Which process corresponds to spark-ignition and combustion in an actual engine in the Otto Cycle?

Process 2?3 Signup and view all the answers

What type of losses are caused by the energy required to move air in and out of the combustion chamber during intake and exhaust strokes?

Pumping losses Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to blowby losses in an internal combustion engine?

Combustion gases leaking past piston rings Signup and view all the answers

Which loss type occurs due to mechanical friction and resistance within an engine's moving parts?

Mechanical losses Signup and view all the answers

What type of loss is caused by power consumption from engine accessories like the water pump and alternator?

Accessory losses Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of incomplete combustion on an internal combustion engine?

Decrease in power output Signup and view all the answers

Basics of I.C. Engines

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Questions and Answers

What type of engines transfer heat to a second fluid as part of their operation?

Which type of engine has the combustion of air and fuel taking place inside the cylinder?

What type of engine uses a piston arrangement in its basic design?

Which engine type directly uses the combustion of air and fuel as the motive force?

Which engine type involves the use of a turbine in its basic design?

Which type of engine uses the combustion heat to generate steam for useful work?

Which type of engine has a higher efficiency, as mentioned in the text?

What material are ordinary engine cylinders typically made of?

Which type of engine is light and compact due to lower weight and bulk to output ratio?

What provides an air-tight joint between the engine cylinder and cylinder head in an IC engine?

In an IC engine, what converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion of the crankshaft?

Which type of ring on a piston provides an air-tight seal to prevent leakage of burnt gases into the lower portion?

What allows a spark ignition engine to ignite the fuel?

Which type of engine has a lower working pressure and temperature inside the cylinder?

What is the main part of the engine where the piston reciprocates?

Which component provides effective sealing to prevent oil leakage into the engine cylinder?

What is the expression for the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle, in terms of the given temperature ratios?

Based on the text, why does increasing the compression ratio lead to an increase in the efficiency of the Otto cycle?

What does the ratio 'r' represent in the context of the Otto cycle efficiency?

Which temperature ratio is shown to be equal to 1 in the equations provided?

In the Otto cycle, why is the efficiency independent of heat supplied and pressure ratio?

What is the relationship between V1/V2 and V4/V3 in terms of compression ratio 'r'?

What is the function of the crankshaft in an internal combustion engine?

What is the purpose of the flywheel in an internal combustion engine?

What is the formula for calculating displacement volume (Vs) in an internal combustion engine?

Which term refers to the volume of the space on the combustion side of the piston at top dead center?

In a four-stroke engine, what happens during the compression stroke?

What distinguishes a two-stroke engine from a four-stroke engine?

Which engine type has one power stroke in every two revolutions of the crankshaft?

What is one of the disadvantages of a four-stroke engine when compared to a two-stroke engine?

'Top dead center' refers to which position in an internal combustion engine?

What does the compression ratio measure in an internal combustion engine?

What is the expansion ratio or pressure ratio defined as in an Otto cycle?

What is the volume ratio used to measure the isentropic expansion in an Otto cycle?

What is the term used to describe the ratio of specific heats in an Otto cycle?

In an Otto cycle, what does T2/T1 equal during the adiabatic compression process?

How are specific heat values generally affected by temperature for gases in heat engines?

At what temperature range do gases, except mono-atomic ones, show an increase in specific heat?

What is the physical explanation for the increase in specific heat as the temperature rises?

In Equation (4), what happens when the term T^2 is neglected?

What happens to the value of Cp - Cv as temperature increases for air?

'Many expressions are available even upto which order of T for the calculation of Cp and Cv?'

What is the main advantage of a two-stroke engine over a four-stroke engine?

What is a distinguishing feature of a four-stroke engine compared to a two-stroke engine?

What type of fuel is typically used in a spark ignition (SI) engine?

In an air-standard cycle, what assumption is made about the gas in the engine cylinder?

What is a characteristic of the Otto cycle in terms of heat addition?

Which factor contributes to the higher maximum efficiency of a compression ignition (CI) engine compared to a spark ignition (SI) engine?

What enables air-cycle approximation to provide approximate answers to complex engine problems?

Which characteristic distinguishes an Otto cycle from a Diesel cycle?

Why are simplifying assumptions necessary in analyzing theoretical cycles in internal combustion engines?

What is the equation for T2 with variable specific heats?

In the dissociation process, what is the reaction equation for the dissociation of H2O?

What reaction prevents the dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2?

In the dissociation process, at what temperature does the dissociation of CO2 into CO and O2 start?

What happens during dissociation compared to combustion in terms of heat?

What is the equation for T4' in process 3' 4'?

What factor causes an increase in temperature from T4 to T4 due to variable specific heat?

'Constant volume combustion from point 2' will give a temperature T3' instead of T3'.' This discrepancy is explained by what factor?

'There is no dissociation in the burnt gases of a lean fuel-air mixture.' This absence of dissociation is attributed to what?

'Dissociation reduces the maximum temperature by about 300°C even at the chemically correct air-fuel ratio.' This reduction in temperature is primarily due to what?

What effect does dissociation have on the maximum temperature in an engine as the air-fuel ratio decreases?

In which type of engine is dissociation effect less pronounced compared to the other type?

What is the main reason why dissociation effects are reduced in a Compression Ignition (CI) engine?

Which process corresponds to spark-ignition and combustion in an actual engine in the Otto Cycle?

What type of losses are caused by the energy required to move air in and out of the combustion chamber during intake and exhaust strokes?

What contributes to blowby losses in an internal combustion engine?

Which loss type occurs due to mechanical friction and resistance within an engine's moving parts?

What type of loss is caused by power consumption from engine accessories like the water pump and alternator?

What is the effect of incomplete combustion on an internal combustion engine?

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