Basics of Chemistry Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is chemistry?

Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions.

What is combustion?

Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.

What are compound molecules?

A chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.

What is an element?

<p>The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an elemental molecule?

<p>Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an emulsifier?

<p>An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an emulsion?

<p>An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exothermic reactions?

<p>Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycerin?

<p>Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does immiscible mean?

<p>Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inorganic chemistry?

<p>The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

<p>An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ionization?

<p>The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lipophilic mean?

<p>Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is matter?

<p>Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does miscible mean?

<p>Liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oil-in-water emulsion?

<p>Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organic chemistry?

<p>The study of substances that contain the element carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxidation?

<p>A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxidation-reduction?

<p>A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oxidizing agent?

<p>Substance that releases oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pH?

<p>The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen; pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH scale?

<p>A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical mixture?

<p>A physical combination of matter in any proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are physical properties?

<p>Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure substance?

<p>A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reducing agent?

<p>A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reduction?

<p>The process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reduction reaction?

<p>A chemical reaction in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are silicones?

<p>Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

<p>The substance that is dissolved in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

<p>A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

<p>A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the states of matter?

<p>The three different physical forms of matter - solid, liquid, and gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are surfactants?

<p>A contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are suspensions?

<p>Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thioglycolic acid?

<p>A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are volatile alcohols?

<p>Alcohols that evaporate easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are volatile organic compounds?

<p>Compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a water-in-oil emulsion?

<p>Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets are emulsified in oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do we need to study chemistry?

<p>To understand products used on clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between organic and inorganic?

<p>Organic contains carbon, inorganic doesn't.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an acidic solution?

<p>A solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alkaline solution?

<p>A solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alkalis?

<p>Compounds that react with acids to form salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alkanolamines?

<p>Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alpha hydroxy acids?

<p>Acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ammonia?

<p>Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

<p>An ion with a negative electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms?

<p>The smallest chemical components of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

<p>An ion with a positive electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical change?

<p>A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical properties?

<p>Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of elemental molecules?

<p>O2 = Oxygen (A), O3 = Ozone (B), N2 = Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of compound molecules?

<p>CO2 = Carbon Dioxide (A), H2O = Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of physical properties?

<p>Weight (B), Color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of chemical properties?

<p>Iron to rust (A), Hair to change color from hydrogen peroxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basics of Chemistry

  • Chemistry studies the composition, structure, properties of matter, and how matter changes under varying conditions.

Combustion

  • Defined as the rapid oxidation of a substance, resulting in heat and light.

Molecules and Compounds

  • Compound molecules are combinations of two or more atoms of different elements in fixed proportions.
  • Elemental molecules consist of two or more atoms of the same element in fixed proportions.

Elements

  • Elements are the simplest form of chemical matter and cannot be broken down without losing their identity.

Emulsifiers and Emulsions

  • Emulsifiers bind incompatible materials into a stable blend.
  • Emulsions are unstable mixtures of immiscible substances combined with an emulsifier.

Reactions

  • Exothermic reactions release significant heat.
  • Oxidation involves combining a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.
  • Reduction occurs when oxygen is removed or hydrogen is added to a substance.

Properties of Matter

  • Physical properties can be determined without chemical reactions (e.g., color, size, weight).
  • Chemical properties only identified through chemical reactions.

Types of Chemistry

  • Inorganic chemistry studies substances without carbon, while organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds.

Solutions and Mixtures

  • A solution is a stable mixture of two or more substances.
  • Suspensions are unstable mixtures with undissolved particles.

pH and Acidity

  • pH (potential hydrogen) indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0-14.
  • A solution below pH 7 is acidic, while above pH 7 is alkaline.

Matter

  • Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass.
  • States of matter include solid, liquid, and gas.

Chemical Compounds

  • Solutes are substances dissolved in a solution, while solvents are the substances that dissolve solutes.

Surfactants

  • Surfactants are agents that allow oil and water to mix by reducing surface tension.

Unique Components

  • Glycerin is a moisturizer and solvent in skincare products.
  • Silicones are special oils used in hair and skin products.
  • Thioglycolic acid is used in permanent waving solutions.

Ions and Charges

  • Ions are atoms or molecules with an electrical charge; anions are negatively charged while cations are positively charged.

Volatile Compounds

  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-containing compounds that easily evaporate.

Acid-Base Chemistry

  • Alkaline solutions have a pH above 7, whereas acidic solutions have a pH below 7.
  • Alkaline substances can neutralize acids or raise the pH of products.

Hydroxy Acids

  • Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are plant-derived acids used for skin exfoliation.

Importance of Chemistry

  • Understanding chemistry is crucial for using products effectively on clients.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in chemistry, including the structure and properties of matter, combustion, molecules, elements, and chemical reactions. Explore topics such as emulsifiers and the nature of exothermic reactions to enhance your understanding of chemical principles.

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