Basic Principles of Medicine 2: Glycolysis Overview

<p>38 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver in a fasted state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prepare glucose for further breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose-1,6-biphosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates ATP without the need for oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexokinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PFK-1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphoglycerate kinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolytic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexokinase (A), Pyruvate kinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of oxygen and mitochondria (A), Deficiency in thiamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in the muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intense exercise in the absence of sufficient oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis and glycolysis occur at a faster rate than during aerobic exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty acid oxidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactate production is higher during anaerobic exercise compared to aerobic exercise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased muscle pH and potential cramps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At 80-85% MHR, anaerobic glycolysis is the primary energy source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate kinase activity is increased. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate acts as a potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1), a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon inhibits the activity of pyruvate kinase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high carbohydrate diet increases the activity of glycolytic enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus decreases the levels of glycolytic enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, generating ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen and the synthesis of glucose, increasing blood glucose levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating energy in the form of ATP.

The initial stage of glycolysis where 2 ATP are consumed to activate glucose.

The phase where a 6-carbon sugar is split into two 3-carbon intermediates.

The phase where the 3-carbon molecules are converted into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Glycolysis can occur in the absence (anaerobic) or presence (aerobic) of oxygen.

A key intermediary in cellular metabolism that can be converted into Acetyl CoA or Lactate.

Metabolism that requires oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, converting pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.

Metabolism that occurs without oxygen, converting pyruvate to Lactate in the cytosol.

A metabolic pathway that recycles Lactate back to glucose in the liver from the muscle.

An enzyme complex that converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, requiring thiamine (Vitamin B1).

The process by which glucose enters cells through transport proteins.

The mechanism through which hormones influence metabolic pathways.

Different pathways for pyruvate, leading to lactate or acetyl-CoA.

A metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate from glucose.

The process of producing lactate when oxygen is scarce during intense exercise.

The point during exercise at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood.

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose to lactate without using oxygen, producing quick energy.

Exercise that requires oxygen, allowing for longer duration activities with fat as a fuel source.

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy, active in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

A genetic condition causing impaired glucose metabolism, leading to hemolytic anemia.

A condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made.

Phosphofructokinase-1, an enzyme that regulates glucose metabolism in glycolysis.

A method of generating ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate molecule.

An enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate, playing a role in anaerobic respiration.

A molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

A genetic disorder causing reduced ATP production in glycolysis, leads to hemolytic anemia.

An enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway, responsible for splitting fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

A physiological state that promotes glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Phosphofructokinase-1 is regulated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, promoting glycolysis.

The mechanism where fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activates pyruvate kinase, enhancing glycolysis.

Low blood glucose and alanine inhibit pyruvate kinase activity.

Insulin promotes, whereas glucagon and low insulin repress glycolytic enzymes synthesis.

Monosaccharides are classified by carbon number and functional group (aldoses vs ketoses).

Reducing sugars can donate electrons; non-reducing sugars cannot.

Epimers are sugars that differ at only one specific carbon atom; e.g., galactose and glucose.