Basic Life Support and CPR Overview

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Questions and Answers

What condition requires Basic Life Support until full medical care is available?

Life-threatening conditions (correct)

Skin rash

Minor injuries

Chronic pain

Which pulse location is used to initiate compressions for adults?

Radial pulse

Carotid pulse (correct)

Femoral pulse

Brachial pulse

What is the main goal during the assessment phase of Basic Life Support?

To administer medication

To determine consciousness and vital signs (correct)

To record the patient's history

To apply a bandage

Which condition is NOT a listed cause of requiring Basic Life Support?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended compression depth for infants during CPR?

1.5 inches Signup and view all the answers

When should chest compressions be stopped during BLS?

When circulation resumes Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to open the airway after chest compressions?

Head-tilt chin lift method Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended rate of chest compressions per minute for all age groups?

100/min Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended ventilation duration during mouth-to-nose breathing?

8 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial compression to ventilation ratio performed during adult CPR?

30:2 Signup and view all the answers

When is defibrillation typically performed?

After the patient's condition fails to improve with medical methods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Advanced Cardiac Life Support?

Patient Transport Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario should CPR be performed before calling for help?

When the patient is a child Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting therapeutic dose recommended for defibrillation?

200 J Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended depth for chest compressions during Advanced Cardiac Life Support?

5 cm Signup and view all the answers

Where is the crash cart typically located?

In the central part of the patient care area Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of hyperthermia?

Heat stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperthermia?

Cold extremities Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most commonly used to measure central venous pressure (CVP)?

Fluid filled manometer Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of central venous pressure?

5-10 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect central venous pressure?

Thyroid storm Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is appropriate for managing hypothermia?

Warm IV fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which site is NOT commonly used for central venous pressure insertion?

Axillary vein Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a potential indication for measuring central venous pressure?

Pulmonary artery catheterization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT an indication for invasive blood pressure monitoring?

Minor skin surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using the radial artery for invasive blood pressure monitoring?

Higher rate of catheter malfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which site is NOT commonly used for invasive blood pressure monitoring?

Temporal artery Signup and view all the answers

What factor can affect the accuracy of invasive blood pressure measurements?

Patient movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is associated with invasive blood pressure monitoring?

Arterial hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal threshold for blood pressure, above which a patient is considered hypertensive?

140/90 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is NOT used for the insertion of invasive blood pressure monitoring?

Magnetic resonance imaging Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hypotension is accurate?

Hypotension refers to blood pressure below normal levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to measure central venous pressure (CVP)?

Transducer at the coronary sinus site Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters is NOT assessed during an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis?

Blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for obtaining arterial blood for ABG analysis?

Radial artery Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a common indication for performing an ABG analysis?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended normal pH range indicated in ABG values?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication associated with ABG sampling?

Infection at the site of injection Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing an Allen's test prior to ABG analysis?

To evaluate radial artery patency Signup and view all the answers

Invasive blood pressure monitoring is primarily used to assess which aspect of cardiovascular health?

Cardiac output directly Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Life Support (BLS)

BLS is a level of care performed during life-threatening conditions until full medical care is available.
BLS is performed by trained medical personnel.
Major causes of BLS: Poisoning, Drowning, Cardiac Arrest, Respiratory Arrest, Electric Shock, Drug Reaction.
Assessment: Unconsciousness, Apnea, absent carotid pulse, dilated pupils, Cyanosis.
Sequence of BLS/CPR:
- Determine unconsciousness (assess pulse for 5-10 seconds)
- Perform chest compression
- Open airway
- Check breathing and deliver defibrillation if necessary.
Compression:
- Patient is laid on a flat, hard surface for proper compression.
- Adults: Compression starts from the carotid pulse.
- Children: Compression starts from the femoral pulse.
- Infants: Compression starts from the bronchael femoral pulse.
- Compression is rhythmic, with each compression done normally.
Compression Characteristics:
- Adult: Carotid pulse, 2-inch depth, 100/min rate, center of chest between nipples
- Child: Femoral pulse, 2-inch depth, 100/min rate, center of chest between nipples
- Infant: Bronchael femoral pulse, 1.5-inch depth, 100/min rate, center of chest below nipples line
Airway: Opened using head tilt-chin lift, jaw thrust maneuver, or spinal cord injury method.
Breathing: Mouth-to-nose breathing for 8 seconds, patient's chest should be visible during breathing.
CPR: 30:2 compression and ventilation for adults, 15:2 for children, call for help before CPR for adults, perform CPR before calling for help for children.
Defibrillation: Done when condition does not improve with medical methods.
Defibrillation Protocol: Patient is given a therapeutic electric dose, stabilized in a comfortable position, cleared for surface current pass, personnel steps away from the patient's bed.
Starting dose for defibrillation: 200 J, followed by 300 J.

Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)

ACLS is a life support system that follows BLS, including additional emergency treatments and interventions.
It includes medicine, ventilation, and interventions like defibrillation.
Indications for ACLS: Cardiac arrest, Respiratory arrest, Stroke, Myocardial infection.
Causes for ACLS: Aortic stenosis, Septal defect of heart, Airway obstruction, Arrhythmia, Severe blood loss.
Components of ACLS: Airway management, Ventilation, Cardiac compression, Defibrillation, Medication, Cardiac Monitoring.

Hyperthermia

Most common cause: Heat stroke.
Other causes: Malignant hyperthermia, drugs, thyroid storm, CNS abnormalities.
Symptoms: Fever, Tachycardia, Excessive sweating, Fatigue, Dizziness, Headache, Low blood pressure, Death (in some cases).
Diagnosis: History taking, Physical examination.
Treatment/Management: Cold application, Environmental modifications, Fluid maintenance, Antipyretic, Analgesic, Antibiotic.

Hypothermia

Occurs when the body's thermoregulation system fails to maintain temperature, leading to decreased body temperature.
Also known as the "silent killer."
Develops when the body is unable to produce heat.
Causes: Anesthesia, Cold environment, Excessive use of cold drinks.
Treatment/Management: Maintain room temperature, Warm IV fluid, Airway heat rewarming, Heating pads.

Central Venous Pressure (CVP)

Measured from the right atrium or superior vena cava.
Important for determining cardiac function and fluid volume.
Measured by inserting a catheter into a vein.
Normal Range: 5-10 cm H₂O or 18-12 mm Hg
Monitors heart's pumping activity and venous return.
Sites for CVP insertion: Internal Juglar vein, Subdivision vein, Femoral vein, External Juglar vein.
Factors Affecting CVP: Decreased cardiac output, Heart failure, Plural Infusion, Pulmonary hypotension, Hyper & Hypovolemia.
Indications for CVP: Pulmonary artery catheterization, temporary hemodialysis, Drug administration, Trauma, Major surgery, Respiration of air emboli, To decrease cardiac output.
Purpose of CVP: Estimate blood volume, Determine function of right side of heart, Determine fluid balance, Monitor critically ill patients, Monitor circulatory failure.
Methods to Measure CVP: Fluid filled manometer, CVP transducer, CVP measure directly injected.

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis

Determines blood gas values by analyzing arterial blood.
Most common site for sampling: Radial artery.
Other options: Femoral artery.
Determines oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other blood parameters.
Information obtained: Arterial pH, Pressure of oxygen/oxygen concentration, Pressure of carbon dioxide/carbon dioxide concentration, Pressure of bicarbonate.
Purpose of ABG analysis: Patients with COPD, Pulmonary edema, ARDS, Myocardial infarction, Pneumonia, Shock.
Main purpose: Find acid-base balance, Determine cardiopulmonary function.
Sampling: Allen's test is done before ABG analysis.
Complications: Bleeding, Hematoma at puncture site, Numbness of hands, Blood clot under the skin, Local pain.
Equipment: Clean tray, Gloves, Antiseptic solution, Local anesthesia, Heparin, Needle or syringe, Paper bag.
Normal Values:
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- Po₂: 80-100 mm Hg
- PCO₂: 35-45 mm Hg
- HCO₃ (Bicarbonate): 22-29 meq/liter
- Base excess: ± 2

Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring

Determines cardiovascular system assessment and function.
Most common method for direct monitoring of cardiac output.
Indications: Major surgical procedure, Surgery of the aorta, Critical pulmonary disease, Patients with severe myocardial infarction, Patients with recent CAD, Unstable angina or chest pain, Congestive heart failure and valvular disease, Massive trauma, Inability to measure blood pressure non-invasively.
Sites: Radial artery, Brachial artery, Femoral artery, Axillary artery.
Disadvantages of Radial Artery: Small size, Higher rate of catheter malfunction, Higher rate of dysfunction.
Factors Affecting Invasive Blood Pressure: Patient movement, Air bubbles in cannula, Cannula placement site.
Complications: Arterial hemorrhage, Hematoma, Arterial occlusion (blockage).
Insertion Techniques: Direct cannulation, Doppler assisted technique, USG assisted method.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of Basic Life Support (BLS), including its significance, assessment techniques, and the step-by-step sequence of CPR. Understand how to respond effectively in life-threatening situations such as cardiac arrest and drowning. Get familiar with the techniques for performing compressions on different age groups.