Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main categories of nouns based on their specificity?
What are the two main categories of nouns based on their specificity?
Common and Proper
What is the definition of a word?
What is the definition of a word?
A word is a particular combination of sounds and meaning.
Which type of nouns are those that name something that can be perceived by our senses?
Which type of nouns are those that name something that can be perceived by our senses?
- Concrete (correct)
- Non-count
- Count
- Abstract
What does phonology study?
What does phonology study?
Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound that changes one word into another.
Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound that changes one word into another.
Non-count nouns can have a singular or plural form.
Non-count nouns can have a singular or plural form.
Count nouns can have a singular or plural form, and you can use an indefinite article _____ with them.
Count nouns can have a singular or plural form, and you can use an indefinite article _____ with them.
Consonants are sounds produced with the obstruction of airflow, often described as ______ sounds.
Consonants are sounds produced with the obstruction of airflow, often described as ______ sounds.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following types of pronouns with their descriptions:
Match the following types of pronouns with their descriptions:
What do reflexive pronouns refer back to in a sentence?
What do reflexive pronouns refer back to in a sentence?
Which type of verbs require an object?
Which type of verbs require an object?
Verb tense is the grammatical marking on verbs that indicates the time reference.
Verb tense is the grammatical marking on verbs that indicates the time reference.
According to the grammar rules mentioned, which of the following statements is true?
According to the grammar rules mentioned, which of the following statements is true?
Emphatic verbs must be followed by the simple form of a verb.
Emphatic verbs must be followed by the simple form of a verb.
What are the 4 parts of language discussed in the content?
What are the 4 parts of language discussed in the content?
______ is the scientific study of language.
______ is the scientific study of language.
Match the following suffix types with their meanings:
Match the following suffix types with their meanings:
According to transformationalists, language rules are believed to be:
According to transformationalists, language rules are believed to be:
What is the role of Language Acquisition Device (LAD) as per transformationalists?
What is the role of Language Acquisition Device (LAD) as per transformationalists?
In the behaviorist learning theory, language behavior is conditioned by rewards and punishments.
In the behaviorist learning theory, language behavior is conditioned by rewards and punishments.
______ learning theory involves the active language processor, the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
______ learning theory involves the active language processor, the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
Match the language acquisition theory with its corresponding hypothesis:
Match the language acquisition theory with its corresponding hypothesis:
Which prosodic features form part of the makeup of sounds regardless of their place or manner of articulation?
Which prosodic features form part of the makeup of sounds regardless of their place or manner of articulation?
What is morphology?
What is morphology?
_______ are variants of a morpheme that may be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.
_______ are variants of a morpheme that may be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.
Morphemes that can stand on their own as independent words are called free morphemes.
Morphemes that can stand on their own as independent words are called free morphemes.
Match the following inflectional morphemes with their usage:
Match the following inflectional morphemes with their usage:
What is syntax?
What is syntax?
Define lexical ambiguity.
Define lexical ambiguity.
Hyponymy refers to the relationship where a word has more than one possible meaning.
Hyponymy refers to the relationship where a word has more than one possible meaning.
Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real ________.
Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real ________.
Match the following language teaching question with its answer:
Match the following language teaching question with its answer:
According to Martha R.Ruddell, what is reading?
According to Martha R.Ruddell, what is reading?
What are the reading processes mentioned in the content?
What are the reading processes mentioned in the content?
What is the Chinese proverb that summarizes the idea of interactive reading?
What is the Chinese proverb that summarizes the idea of interactive reading?
Reading instruction should focus more on testing rather than teaching.
Reading instruction should focus more on testing rather than teaching.
Structural analysis in vocabulary development focuses on the unfamiliar __________ itself.
Structural analysis in vocabulary development focuses on the unfamiliar __________ itself.
What does the term 'Technique' refer to in the context of teaching?
What does the term 'Technique' refer to in the context of teaching?
List the five types of purposeful listening identified by Wolvin and Coakely in 1992.
List the five types of purposeful listening identified by Wolvin and Coakely in 1992.
According to Richards and Rodgers, ______ specifies the relationship of theories to classroom materials and activities.
According to Richards and Rodgers, ______ specifies the relationship of theories to classroom materials and activities.
Match the following listening stages with their descriptions:
Match the following listening stages with their descriptions:
What are the two main characteristics of spoken language discussed in the text?
What are the two main characteristics of spoken language discussed in the text?
Teaching speaking aims to help students competently express themselves without any regard to pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
Teaching speaking aims to help students competently express themselves without any regard to pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
What are some affective factors that can impact a learner's speaking ability?
What are some affective factors that can impact a learner's speaking ability?
Spoken language is characterized by stress, rhythm, and ___________.
Spoken language is characterized by stress, rhythm, and ___________.
Match the following factors affecting learners' pronunciation with their descriptions:
Match the following factors affecting learners' pronunciation with their descriptions:
What does the prefix 'a-' or 'an-' mean?
What does the prefix 'a-' or 'an-' mean?
What does the prefix 'ab-' or 'abs-' indicate?
What does the prefix 'ab-' or 'abs-' indicate?
Provide an example of a word with the prefix 'ad-' or 'a-', 'ac-', 'af-', 'ag-', 'al-', 'an-', 'ap-', or 'at-'
Provide an example of a word with the prefix 'ad-' or 'a-', 'ac-', 'af-', 'ag-', 'al-', 'an-', 'ap-', or 'at-'
What does the suffix '-able' signify?
What does the suffix '-able' signify?
Explain the meaning of the suffix '-arch'.
Explain the meaning of the suffix '-arch'.
What is the main strategy used in contextual analysis for understanding unfamiliar words?
What is the main strategy used in contextual analysis for understanding unfamiliar words?
What does an Anticipation Guide consist of?
What does an Anticipation Guide consist of?
Study Notes
Structure of English
- Basic English Structures and Rules:
- Nouns:
- Function as the subject of the sentence
- Types: Common, Proper, Concrete, Abstract, Count, Non-count, Collective
- Pronouns:
- Replace a noun or a noun phrase
- Types: Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative, Indefinite, Reflexive, Intensive
- Verbs:
- Denote action or show state of being
- Have 4 inflections: -s, -ed, -en, -ing
- Types: Intransitive, Transitive, Linking/Copula
- Nouns:
Subject-Verb Agreement
- Rules:
- Verb with -s is singular, without -s is plural
- Linking verbs agree with the real subject
- Non-count noun subjects take a singular verb
- Collective noun subjects:
- Take singular verbs if the group acts as a single body
- Take plural verbs if the group acts as individual members
- Mass nouns:
- Can only be pluralized by quantifiers
- Are always singular
- Other rules:
- Indefinite pronouns are always singular
- Correlative subjects take a plural verb
- The expression "the number" takes a singular verb
- None as a subject takes a singular verb
- Either or neither as a subject takes a singular verb
- Title of literary/artistic works and names of firms take singular verbs
- Each other is used for two persons or things, one another is used for more than two
- The phrase "such as" and "among the" must be followed by a plural noun
Linguistics
- Definition: Scientific study of language
- Importance: Provides language teachers with what to teach and how to teach
- 4 parts of language:
- Phonology: Rules pertaining to the sound system
- Morphology: Rules governing word structure
- Syntax: Rules governing the structure of sentences
- Semantics: Rules concerning meaning
History of English Language
- Importance: Helps teachers understand the origins of phonology, morphology, orthography, and semantics
- Provides: Appreciation for the variety and expressive precision of English vocabulary
- Enhances: Vocabulary teaching
Vocabulary Building
- Latin words: Composed of prefixes, roots, and suffixes
- Importance: Students can learn many vocabulary words at once by learning about Latin roots and affixes
- Prefixes and suffixes:
- Most suffixes date from the Middle English period of history
- Can be used to teach vocabulary in the classroom### Language and Linguistics
- Inflectional suffixes: -s, -es, -ed, -ing, -er, -est
- Derivational suffixes: -able, -ness, -ful, -ment, -ity
- Suffixes can change the pronunciation of base words (e.g. define -> definition, compete -> competition)
The Great Vowel Shift
- Occurred between 1400 and 1600
- Profound and quick change in the pronunciation of words, particularly vowel sounds
- Spelling system did not change to accommodate the changing sounds
Syntax and Semantics
- Syntax: rules that enable us to combine morphemes into sentences
- Semantics: study of meaning in language
- Arbitrariness of the sign: sounds of words bear no relationship to meaning (except for onomatopoeia)
- Example: "The people talked over the noise" can have two different syntactical interpretations
Grammar and Language
- Grammar: how we know that one sentence is grammatical and another is not
- Rules of grammar are represented in the brain
- Noam Chomsky's views: children acquire language rules unconsciously, and language development occurs through exposure to language
- Universal Grammar: all human languages share a fundamental structure, and humans have an innate ability to apply this structure to any language
Phonology and Phonetics
- Phonology: study of the sound system of language
- Phonetics: study of language at the level of sounds
- Phoneme: smallest unit of sound that causes a difference in meaning
- Allophones: variants of a phoneme
- Consonants: sounds produced by obstructing airflow
- Vowels: sounds produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract
Morphology
- Morphology: study of the patterns of formation of words
- Morphemes: smallest units of meaning in language
- Allomorphs: variants of a morpheme
- Free morphemes: can stand on their own as independent words
- Bound morphemes: cannot stand on their own as independent words
- Inflectional morphemes: do not change the form class of the words or morphemes to which they are attached
Language Acquisition
- Second Language Acquisition Theories: Behaviorist, Humanistic, Cognitivist, and Postmodern
- Language development occurs through exposure to language, and children can't be taught grammatical rules because they are not explicitly known### Morphology
- Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives:
- Comparative: -er (e.g., fast-er)
- Superlative: -est (e.g., fast-est)
- Derivational morphemes:
- Added to root morphemes or stems to derive new words
- Change the form class of the words they are attached to
- Open-ended, potentially infinite
- Examples: real + {-ize} = realize, hope + {-ful} = hopeful
Syntax
- Study of how phrases, clauses, and sentences are constructed
- Deals with rules of positioning elements in a sentence
- Important structures:
- Structure of Predication: subject + predicate
- Structure of Complementation: verbal element + complement
- Structure of Modification: head word + modifier
- Structure of Coordination: equivalent grammatical units + coordinating conjunction
- Syntactic rules:
- Enable combining morphemes into sentences
- Bridge between sound and meaning
Semantics
- Study of word and phrase meanings
- Accounts for both word and sentence meaning
- Important concepts:
- Lexical ambiguity: multiple possible meanings of a word
- Syntactic ambiguity: multiple possible meanings of a phrase or sentence
- Synonymy: words with similar meanings
- Antonymy: words with opposite meanings
- Hyponymy: word with a broader meaning
- Homonymy: words with the same phonetic form but different meanings
- Anaphora: reference to a previous linguistic expression
Pragmatics
- Study of the role of context in creating meaning
- Deals with language used in real communication
- Important concepts:
- Locutionary force: literal meaning of a sentence
- Illocutionary force: pragmatic meaning of a sentence
- Perlocutionary force: reaction of the hearers
- Conversational maxims: rules for effective communication
- Implicature: intended meaning beyond the literal meaning
Theories of Language and Language Teaching
- Structuralism:
- Views language as a system
- Believes that language can be learned by describing observable features
- Language is a means of communication
- Language is primarily vocal
- Language is a system of structurally related elements
- Language is arbitrary
- Transformationalism:
- Believes that language is innate and universal
- Language rules are universal
- Language is a mental phenomenon
- Language is innate
- Language is universal
- Functionalism:
- Views language as a vehicle for expressing meaning
- Focuses on language functions rather than language rules
- Interactionism:
- Views language as a tool for establishing social relations
- Believes that language is learned through interaction and participation
Theories of Second Language Acquisition
- Behaviorist learning theory:
- Regards language as a behavior
- Believes that language is learned through conditioning and reinforcement
- Language is a result of habit formation
- Cognitive learning theory:
- Regards language as a mental process
- Believes that language is learned through an innate Language Acquisition Device
- Major strategies: Chomsky's Generative Grammar, Krashen's Monitor Model, Information-Processing Theories
- Krashen's Monitor Model:
- Involves five hypotheses:
- Acquisition/Learning hypothesis
- Natural Order hypothesis
- Monitor hypothesis
- Input hypothesis
- Affective Filter hypothesis
- Involves five hypotheses:
Influences of Theories on Language Teaching
- Behaviorism:
- Led to methods that focus on mimicry and memorization
- Examples: Audio-Lingual Method, Oral Approach, Operant Conditioning approach
- Cognitivism:
- Led to methods that prioritize language analysis
- Examples: Directed Reading Thinking Activity, Story Grammar, Thinking-Aloud
- Functionalism:
- Led to methods that focus on language functions
- Examples: Communicative Language Teaching, Notional-Functional Approach, Natural Approach
- Holistic approach:
- Led to methods that focus on the whole person
- Examples: Community Language Learning, Humanistic Approach
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Description
Review of basic English structures and rules, focusing on nouns, including common and proper nouns, and their functions in sentences.
