Basic English Structures: Nouns and Rules
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main categories of nouns based on their specificity?

Common and Proper

What is the definition of a word?

A word is a particular combination of sounds and meaning.

Which type of nouns are those that name something that can be perceived by our senses?

  • Concrete (correct)
  • Non-count
  • Count
  • Abstract
  • What does phonology study?

    <p>Organization of sounds in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound that changes one word into another.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-count nouns can have a singular or plural form.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Count nouns can have a singular or plural form, and you can use an indefinite article _____ with them.

    <p>a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consonants are sounds produced with the obstruction of airflow, often described as ______ sounds.

    <p>closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Phonology = Study of sound system and pronunciation rules Morphology = Patterns of word formation and meaning units Syntax = Rules governing sentence structure Semantics = Analysis of word and sentence meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pronouns with their descriptions:

    <p>Personal = Replaces a noun or a noun phrase Demonstrative = Point to and identify a noun Interrogative = Used to ask questions Relative = Links one phrase or clause to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do reflexive pronouns refer back to in a sentence?

    <p>Subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of verbs require an object?

    <p>Transitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verb tense is the grammatical marking on verbs that indicates the time reference.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the grammar rules mentioned, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Intervening expressions such as 'together with' should take verbs that agree with the intervening expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphatic verbs must be followed by the simple form of a verb.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 parts of language discussed in the content?

    <p>Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the scientific study of language.

    <p>Linguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following suffix types with their meanings:

    <p>-able = Derivational Suffix -s = Inflectional Suffix -ful = Derivational Suffix -ing = Inflectional Suffix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to transformationalists, language rules are believed to be:

    <p>Innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Language Acquisition Device (LAD) as per transformationalists?

    <p>The LAD predisposes all normal children to acquire their first language in a short time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the behaviorist learning theory, language behavior is conditioned by rewards and punishments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ learning theory involves the active language processor, the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

    <p>Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the language acquisition theory with its corresponding hypothesis:

    <p>Behaviorist learning theory = Language behavior conditioned by rewards/punishments Cognitive learning theory = Language acquisition through innate language rules Krashen's Monitor Model = Emotions affect language learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prosodic features form part of the makeup of sounds regardless of their place or manner of articulation?

    <p>Intonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morphology?

    <p>Morphology is the study of the patterns from which words, through the combination of sounds, are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are variants of a morpheme that may be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.

    <p>Allomorphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morphemes that can stand on their own as independent words are called free morphemes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following inflectional morphemes with their usage:

    <p>-s = plural -ed = past tense -ing = progressive -en = past participle -‘s = possessive -er = comparative -est = superlative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is syntax?

    <p>The study of sentence construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define lexical ambiguity.

    <p>Lexical ambiguity refers to a word having more than one possible meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponymy refers to the relationship where a word has more than one possible meaning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real ________.

    <p>communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following language teaching question with its answer:

    <p>How does one learn a language? = Influences on Language Teaching How should a teacher teach language? = Overview of Developments in Language Teaching Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Martha R.Ruddell, what is reading?

    <p>Reading is the act of constructing meaning while transacting with text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the reading processes mentioned in the content?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Chinese proverb that summarizes the idea of interactive reading?

    <p>Tell me and I'll forget. Show me, and I may remember. But involve me and I'll understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reading instruction should focus more on testing rather than teaching.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structural analysis in vocabulary development focuses on the unfamiliar __________ itself.

    <p>word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Technique' refer to in the context of teaching?

    <p>A specific activity manifested in the classroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the five types of purposeful listening identified by Wolvin and Coakely in 1992.

    <p>Discriminative, Comprehensive, Therapeutic, Critical, Appreciative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Richards and Rodgers, ______ specifies the relationship of theories to classroom materials and activities.

    <p>Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following listening stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Prepare to Listen = Determining the goal and analyzing the listening context Apply the Listening Process Model = Receive, Comprehend, Interpret, Evaluate, and Respond Assess Effectiveness of Listening Performance = Reflecting on listening performance and determining effectiveness Establish New Goal(s) = Setting new goals based on strengths and concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main characteristics of spoken language discussed in the text?

    <p>Accuracy and fluency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teaching speaking aims to help students competently express themselves without any regard to pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some affective factors that can impact a learner's speaking ability?

    <p>Anxiety, fear of making mistakes, feeling of being judged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spoken language is characterized by stress, rhythm, and ___________.

    <p>intonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors affecting learners' pronunciation with their descriptions:

    <p>Native language = Most influential factor affecting a learner's pronunciation Age = Critical period between age 5 and puberty Exposure = Quality and intensity are more important than duration Innate phonetic ability = Some people have a better phonetic coding ability Identity and Language Ego = Attitude towards speakers of the target language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'a-' or 'an-' mean?

    <p>not, without</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'ab-' or 'abs-' indicate?

    <p>away, from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of a word with the prefix 'ad-' or 'a-', 'ac-', 'af-', 'ag-', 'al-', 'an-', 'ap-', or 'at-'

    <p>advance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the suffix '-able' signify?

    <p>capable, can do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the meaning of the suffix '-arch'.

    <p>ruler, leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main strategy used in contextual analysis for understanding unfamiliar words?

    <p>Examples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an Anticipation Guide consist of?

    <p>a list of</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structure of English

    • Basic English Structures and Rules:
      • Nouns:
        • Function as the subject of the sentence
        • Types: Common, Proper, Concrete, Abstract, Count, Non-count, Collective
      • Pronouns:
        • Replace a noun or a noun phrase
        • Types: Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative, Indefinite, Reflexive, Intensive
      • Verbs:
        • Denote action or show state of being
        • Have 4 inflections: -s, -ed, -en, -ing
        • Types: Intransitive, Transitive, Linking/Copula

    Subject-Verb Agreement

    • Rules:
      • Verb with -s is singular, without -s is plural
      • Linking verbs agree with the real subject
      • Non-count noun subjects take a singular verb
      • Collective noun subjects:
        • Take singular verbs if the group acts as a single body
        • Take plural verbs if the group acts as individual members
      • Mass nouns:
        • Can only be pluralized by quantifiers
        • Are always singular
      • Other rules:
        • Indefinite pronouns are always singular
        • Correlative subjects take a plural verb
        • The expression "the number" takes a singular verb
        • None as a subject takes a singular verb
        • Either or neither as a subject takes a singular verb
        • Title of literary/artistic works and names of firms take singular verbs
        • Each other is used for two persons or things, one another is used for more than two
        • The phrase "such as" and "among the" must be followed by a plural noun

    Linguistics

    • Definition: Scientific study of language
    • Importance: Provides language teachers with what to teach and how to teach
    • 4 parts of language:
      • Phonology: Rules pertaining to the sound system
      • Morphology: Rules governing word structure
      • Syntax: Rules governing the structure of sentences
      • Semantics: Rules concerning meaning

    History of English Language

    • Importance: Helps teachers understand the origins of phonology, morphology, orthography, and semantics
    • Provides: Appreciation for the variety and expressive precision of English vocabulary
    • Enhances: Vocabulary teaching

    Vocabulary Building

    • Latin words: Composed of prefixes, roots, and suffixes
    • Importance: Students can learn many vocabulary words at once by learning about Latin roots and affixes
    • Prefixes and suffixes:
      • Most suffixes date from the Middle English period of history
      • Can be used to teach vocabulary in the classroom### Language and Linguistics
    • Inflectional suffixes: -s, -es, -ed, -ing, -er, -est
    • Derivational suffixes: -able, -ness, -ful, -ment, -ity
    • Suffixes can change the pronunciation of base words (e.g. define -> definition, compete -> competition)

    The Great Vowel Shift

    • Occurred between 1400 and 1600
    • Profound and quick change in the pronunciation of words, particularly vowel sounds
    • Spelling system did not change to accommodate the changing sounds

    Syntax and Semantics

    • Syntax: rules that enable us to combine morphemes into sentences
    • Semantics: study of meaning in language
    • Arbitrariness of the sign: sounds of words bear no relationship to meaning (except for onomatopoeia)
    • Example: "The people talked over the noise" can have two different syntactical interpretations

    Grammar and Language

    • Grammar: how we know that one sentence is grammatical and another is not
    • Rules of grammar are represented in the brain
    • Noam Chomsky's views: children acquire language rules unconsciously, and language development occurs through exposure to language
    • Universal Grammar: all human languages share a fundamental structure, and humans have an innate ability to apply this structure to any language

    Phonology and Phonetics

    • Phonology: study of the sound system of language
    • Phonetics: study of language at the level of sounds
    • Phoneme: smallest unit of sound that causes a difference in meaning
    • Allophones: variants of a phoneme
    • Consonants: sounds produced by obstructing airflow
    • Vowels: sounds produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract

    Morphology

    • Morphology: study of the patterns of formation of words
    • Morphemes: smallest units of meaning in language
    • Allomorphs: variants of a morpheme
    • Free morphemes: can stand on their own as independent words
    • Bound morphemes: cannot stand on their own as independent words
    • Inflectional morphemes: do not change the form class of the words or morphemes to which they are attached

    Language Acquisition

    • Second Language Acquisition Theories: Behaviorist, Humanistic, Cognitivist, and Postmodern
    • Language development occurs through exposure to language, and children can't be taught grammatical rules because they are not explicitly known### Morphology
    • Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives:
      • Comparative: -er (e.g., fast-er)
      • Superlative: -est (e.g., fast-est)
    • Derivational morphemes:
      • Added to root morphemes or stems to derive new words
      • Change the form class of the words they are attached to
      • Open-ended, potentially infinite
      • Examples: real + {-ize} = realize, hope + {-ful} = hopeful

    Syntax

    • Study of how phrases, clauses, and sentences are constructed
    • Deals with rules of positioning elements in a sentence
    • Important structures:
      • Structure of Predication: subject + predicate
      • Structure of Complementation: verbal element + complement
      • Structure of Modification: head word + modifier
      • Structure of Coordination: equivalent grammatical units + coordinating conjunction
    • Syntactic rules:
      • Enable combining morphemes into sentences
      • Bridge between sound and meaning

    Semantics

    • Study of word and phrase meanings
    • Accounts for both word and sentence meaning
    • Important concepts:
      • Lexical ambiguity: multiple possible meanings of a word
      • Syntactic ambiguity: multiple possible meanings of a phrase or sentence
      • Synonymy: words with similar meanings
      • Antonymy: words with opposite meanings
      • Hyponymy: word with a broader meaning
      • Homonymy: words with the same phonetic form but different meanings
      • Anaphora: reference to a previous linguistic expression

    Pragmatics

    • Study of the role of context in creating meaning
    • Deals with language used in real communication
    • Important concepts:
      • Locutionary force: literal meaning of a sentence
      • Illocutionary force: pragmatic meaning of a sentence
      • Perlocutionary force: reaction of the hearers
      • Conversational maxims: rules for effective communication
      • Implicature: intended meaning beyond the literal meaning

    Theories of Language and Language Teaching

    • Structuralism:
      • Views language as a system
      • Believes that language can be learned by describing observable features
      • Language is a means of communication
      • Language is primarily vocal
      • Language is a system of structurally related elements
      • Language is arbitrary
    • Transformationalism:
      • Believes that language is innate and universal
      • Language rules are universal
      • Language is a mental phenomenon
      • Language is innate
      • Language is universal
    • Functionalism:
      • Views language as a vehicle for expressing meaning
      • Focuses on language functions rather than language rules
    • Interactionism:
      • Views language as a tool for establishing social relations
      • Believes that language is learned through interaction and participation

    Theories of Second Language Acquisition

    • Behaviorist learning theory:
      • Regards language as a behavior
      • Believes that language is learned through conditioning and reinforcement
      • Language is a result of habit formation
    • Cognitive learning theory:
      • Regards language as a mental process
      • Believes that language is learned through an innate Language Acquisition Device
      • Major strategies: Chomsky's Generative Grammar, Krashen's Monitor Model, Information-Processing Theories
    • Krashen's Monitor Model:
      • Involves five hypotheses:
        • Acquisition/Learning hypothesis
        • Natural Order hypothesis
        • Monitor hypothesis
        • Input hypothesis
        • Affective Filter hypothesis

    Influences of Theories on Language Teaching

    • Behaviorism:
      • Led to methods that focus on mimicry and memorization
      • Examples: Audio-Lingual Method, Oral Approach, Operant Conditioning approach
    • Cognitivism:
      • Led to methods that prioritize language analysis
      • Examples: Directed Reading Thinking Activity, Story Grammar, Thinking-Aloud
    • Functionalism:
      • Led to methods that focus on language functions
      • Examples: Communicative Language Teaching, Notional-Functional Approach, Natural Approach
    • Holistic approach:
      • Led to methods that focus on the whole person
      • Examples: Community Language Learning, Humanistic Approach

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    Review of basic English structures and rules, focusing on nouns, including common and proper nouns, and their functions in sentences.

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