Basic Electronic Parameters and Components
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Questions and Answers

What happens when a small amount of voltage at the base of a transistor controls a large current flow?

  • It causes saturation.
  • It leads to a short circuit.
  • It is called amplification. (correct)
  • It reduces the voltage.

Digital signals are continuous and can take any value.

False (B)

What is the equation that relates base voltage and collector current in a transistor?

Ic = (Vb - 0.6v)/R

Analog signals can add _____ to the audio signal due to amplification.

<p>noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of signal to its characteristic:

<p>Analog = Continuous waveforms Digital = Encoded in binary numbers Noise = Unwanted signal interference Amplification = Increase in current flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission?

<p>Digital transmission involves less noise and disturbances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forward error correcting (FEC) is not suited for digital transmission.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a pulse 'on' represent in digital transmission?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analog signals represent continuously variable entities such as temperature, pressure, or ______.

<p>flow rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding signal type:

<p>Analog = Varying frequency or amplitude Digital = Uses binary numbers FEC = Error correction scheme Bit = Represents a power of two</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how light signals function in digital transmission?

<p>Light signals travel through optical fibers and are decoded by the receiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each digit in a binary number is referred to as a byte.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the binary representation of the decimal number 10?

<p>1010 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A byte consists of 6 bits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define digital signal transmission in terms of its components.

<p>A sequence of 1s and 0s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decimal value of the binary number 1111?

<p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

1 Kilobyte (1KB) is equal to ______ bytes.

<p>1024</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following units with their values:

<p>1 Bit = 0 or 1 1 Byte = 8 Bits 1 Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes 1 Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capacitor is usually polarized and marked with a plus sign on the anode?

<p>Electrolytic capacitor (A), Tantalum capacitor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semiconductors can conduct electricity more effectively than metals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for adding impurities to a semiconductor to increase its number of charge carriers?

<p>doping</p> Signup and view all the answers

In n-type semiconductors, the main current carriers are __________.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about holes in semiconductors is true?

<p>Holes represent fixed positive ions that capture electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of semiconductors with their characteristics:

<p>N-type = More electrons than holes P-type = More holes than electrons Doping = Adding impurities to increase charge carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of free electrons in a semiconductor when a donor is introduced?

<p>The number of free electrons increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tantalum capacitors can hold more charge compared to ceramic capacitors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a light emitting diode (LED)?

<p>To emit light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transistors can only function as switches and not as amplifiers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of semiconductor materials are used in transistors?

<p>n-type and p-type</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle layer of a transistor is known as the ______.

<p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of transistor with its description:

<p>p-n-p transistor = Electrons are the main current carriers n-p-n transistor = Holes are the main current carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color of LED is typically easier to produce?

<p>Red (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

LEDs have a long lifespan compared to traditional light bulbs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a small voltage is applied to the base of an n-p-n transistor?

<p>Current flows from emitter to collector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of converting analog signals to digital representations?

<p>To allow for discrete on/off information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Twisted pairs help in the elimination of noise due to electromagnetic fields.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the third signal lead in analog signal transmission?

<p>It acts as a shield to reduce noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is a pair of wires surrounded by a conductor that blocks interference.

<p>shielded pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wiring options is considered not very reliable in screening out noise?

<p>Plain wire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of wiring with its description:

<p>Plain wire = Unreliable for noise screening Twisted pair = Helps cancel induced disturbances Shielded pair = Surrounded by a conductor for interference protection Coaxial cable = Central wire with outer conductor for noise avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coaxial cables produce external electric and magnetic fields.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of cadmium sulfide resistance makes it useful for light measurement?

<p>It varies inversely and nonlinearly with light intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transistor Amplification

In electronics, amplification refers to the process of increasing the strength of a signal using a transistor, where a small voltage change at the base controls a larger current flow at the collector.

Analog Signal

Analog signals are continuous, meaning they can take on any value within a range. They represent information as smoothly varying waveforms.

Digital Signal

Digital signals are discrete, meaning they are represented by a limited set of distinct values, typically represented as 0s and 1s. They transmit information in the form of on/off pulses.

Electronic Noise

Noise in electronic signals is unwanted background interference that can corrupt the original signal. It is caused by random fluctuations in electron activity within the circuitry.

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Noise Immunity in Digital Systems

Digital systems are resistant to noise because when the signal is repeated, the noise can be removed, preserving the original information. This is because the signal is represented by discrete values rather than continuous waveforms.

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Binary Number System

A binary number system uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Each digit represents a power of 2.

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Bit

A bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It can represent either a 0 or a 1.

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Byte

A byte is a group of 8 bits. It can represent a range of decimal values from 0 to 255.

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Kilobyte (KB)

A kilobyte (KB) is a unit of digital storage that equals 1024 bytes, which is approximately 2 raised to the power of 10.

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Megabyte (MB)

A megabyte (MB) is a unit of digital storage that equals 1024 kilobytes, which is approximately 2 raised to the power of 20.

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Accuracy of Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors have an accuracy that changes over time as they age.

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Polarized Electrolytic Capacitors

In a polarized electrolytic capacitor, the cathode must be connected to ground. It is usually marked with a minus sign on the case.

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Tantalum Capacitors

Tantalum capacitors are similar in size to ceramic capacitors but can hold more charge.

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Polarized Tantalum Capacitors

In a polarized tantalum capacitor, the anode is typically marked with a plus sign.

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Semiconductors

Semiconductors are materials that can conduct electricity under certain conditions, acting as a bridge between good conductors (metals) and insulators.

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Holes in Semiconductors

When an electron moves in a semiconductor, it leaves behind a positive charge called a hole.

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Doping Semiconductors

Doping is the process of adding impurities to a semiconductor to increase the number of free electrons or holes, enhancing conductivity.

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N-type Semiconductors

An n-type semiconductor has more free electrons than holes, acting as the main current carriers.

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LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. They are small, efficient, and long-lasting, making them ideal for various lighting applications.

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LED Color

The color of light emitted by an LED is determined by the type of impurity added to the semiconductor material.

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Transistor

A semiconductor device that acts as a switch or an amplifier. It consists of three layers of semiconductor material, creating two junctions. They are fundamental building blocks of modern electronics.

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Transistor Base

The middle layer of a transistor, controlling the flow of current between the other two layers.

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Transistor Collector and Emitter

The two outer layers of a transistor, one acting as the input and the other as the output.

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Transistor – No Base Voltage

When no voltage is applied to the base, a transistor acts like two back-to-back diodes, preventing current flow.

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Transistor – Base Voltage Applied

When a small voltage is applied to the base, current flows from the emitter to the base like a regular diode, allowing current to pass through the transistor.

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Transistor – Switch Mode

A transistor can be used as a switch, turning the current on or off by controlling the base voltage. In this mode, the transistor is either fully 'on' (saturated) or fully 'off' (cut off).

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Digital Transmission

A method of transmitting information using only 1s and 0s, representing on and off states.

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Analog Transmission

A method of transmitting information using varying frequencies or amplitudes on carrier waves, creating a continuous signal.

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Forward Error Correction (FEC)

A type of modulation used in digital transmission where extra bits are added to the signal to allow for error correction at the receiver.

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Pulse Modulation

A system where information is represented by the presence or absence of a pulse of electricity or light. A pulse 'on' represents 1, and no pulse 'off' represents 0.

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Direct Current (DC)

Data values that are represented by continuous variations in current or voltage. Used in analog signal transmission.

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Analog to Digital Conversion

The conversion of a continuous analog signal into a digital signal, represented by a series of 1s and 0s.

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Twisted-pair wiring

A type of wiring used in data acquisition that consists of two insulated wires twisted together. The twist helps reduce noise interference by minimizing the area exposed to electromagnetic fields, which results in canceling out induced disturbances.

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Coaxial cable

A specialized wiring used in data acquisition that includes a central conductor surrounded by an insulator and an outer conducting cylinder. This design isolates the signal from external interference, making it ideal for transmitting data over longer distances.

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Analog signal conditioning

The process of manipulating and preparing analog signals from sensors to make them compatible with other components in a control system.

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Cadmium sulfide sensor

A type of sensor that measures light intensity based on the change in its electrical resistance. The resistance decreases as light intensity increases.

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Shielded pair wiring

A conductive layer surrounding a pair of wires in data acquisition cabling. The shield intercepts external noise signals and directs them to ground, reducing noise interference. Proper grounding is crucial for its effectiveness.

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Plain wire pair

A type of wiring in data acquisition consisting of two simple, insulated wires without any additional shielding. It offers the least protection against noise interference.

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Study Notes

Basic Electronic Parameters and Components

  • Voltage: Difference in charge between two points, measured in Volts.
  • Current: Flow of electrons through a conductor/semiconductor, measured in Amperes (Amps). Flow is from positive to negative.
  • Power: Work a circuit can do, measured in Watts (Watts = Volts x Amps).
  • Ground: Minimum voltage reference level; connected to earth (or considered floating).
  • Resistance: Measured in Ohms (Ω). Controls current and voltage drops in circuits. Used to limit current flow to components (like LEDs) to prevent damage.

Resistor Color Code

  • A system for visually representing a resistor's resistance value using colored bands.
  • The first two bands represent the first two digits of the resistance.
  • The third band represents the multiplier (number of zeros to add).
  • The fourth band represents the tolerance (accuracy).

Examples of Resistor Color Codes

  • Yellow, Purple, Red, Gold = 47*100 ohms ±5%
  • Brown, Black, Yellow = 10*10,000 ohms ±5%

Potentiometer

  • A variable resistor with a wiper that moves between two leads.
  • Resistance changes with knob rotation (linear or logarithmic).
  • Used to adjust voltage or resistance levels.

Ohm's Law

  • V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance)
  • I = V/R (Current = Voltage / Resistance)
  • R = V/I (Resistance = Voltage / Current)

Circuits

  • Closed loop: Current flows through load.
  • Open circuit: Break in circuit; no current flow.
  • Short circuit: Insufficient resistance; excessive current flow.
  • Series circuits: Components connected end to end; same current throughout.
  • Parallel circuits: Components connected in branches; same voltage across each.

Switches

  • Mechanical devices interrupt current flow.
  • Characterized by the number of poles and throws.

Alternating Current (AC)

  • Voltage alternates/changes over time.
  • Specifed by a root-means-square (RMS) value (1/√2 times the peak).

Inductors

  • Store energy in a magnetic field.
  • Coiled wire; value in Henries (H).
  • Used in AC filters.
  • Increase in strength of magnetic field if wire is coiled.
  • Used as electromagnet.

Transformers

  • Devices to change AC voltage (higher or lower).
  • Two coils, primary (input) and secondary (output), sharing a core.

Relays

  • Electromechanical switches controlled by an electromagnet.
  • Generates voltage spikes when magnetic field collapses.
  • Used in devices that need electrical isolation.

Capacitors

  • Components that store electrical charge.
  • Two separated metal plates with a non-conductor (dielectric) material between.
  • Value in Farads (F), often pico-Farads (pF) or micro-Farads (µF).
  • Two types: electrolytic and non-electrolytic.

Electrolytic Capacitors

  • Store more charge but have a polarity.
  • Used in DC circuits.
  • Leak charge over time.

Non-Electrolytic Capacitors

  • Do not have a polarity.
  • Store less charge.

Semiconductors

  • Materials with intermediate conductivity between conductors and insulators.
  • Doped with impurities (donors or acceptors) to increase conductivity.
  • N-type semiconductors have more electrons.
  • P-type semiconductors have more holes.

Diodes

  • Two-terminal semiconductor devices that conduct current in one direction.
  • Used as rectifiers (convert AC to DC), reverse polarity, and protect from voltage spikes (e.g. surge).
  • Junction of n-type and p-type semiconductors.
  • Depletion layer prevents current flow in one direction.

Transistors

  • Three-terminal semiconductor devices used as switches and amplifiers.
  • Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs).
  • BJTs use current flow from base to collector/emitter to control current.
  • FETs control current flow based on voltage changes.

Analog vs. Digital Signals

  • Analog: Continuous; can take any value between a range of values.
  • Digital: Discrete; binary (0 or 1). Represents information by varying numbers.

Logic Gates

  • Basic logic functions (AND, OR, NOT).

  • Used to combine and manipulate logical inputs.

  • AND: Output is true only if all inputs are true

  • OR: Output is true if any input is true.

  • NOT: Output reverses the input (inverse).

  • NAND: Output is false if all inputs are true.

  • NOR : Output is false if any input is true.

  • XOR: Output is true if inputs are different.

  • XNOR: Output is true if inputs are the same.

Sequential Logic

  • Circuits which remember previous input states.
  • Includes latches (RS, D, JK) and flip-flops.
  • Characterized by feedback loops.

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Description

Explore the essential electronic parameters such as voltage, current, power, and resistance. Learn how these concepts are applied in circuits along with understanding the resistor color code system for identifying resistance values. Perfect for beginners in electronics!

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