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Questions and Answers
What happens when a small amount of voltage at the base of a transistor controls a large current flow?
What happens when a small amount of voltage at the base of a transistor controls a large current flow?
Digital signals are continuous and can take any value.
Digital signals are continuous and can take any value.
False
What is the equation that relates base voltage and collector current in a transistor?
What is the equation that relates base voltage and collector current in a transistor?
Ic = (Vb - 0.6v)/R
Analog signals can add _____ to the audio signal due to amplification.
Analog signals can add _____ to the audio signal due to amplification.
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Match the type of signal to its characteristic:
Match the type of signal to its characteristic:
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What is the primary advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission?
What is the primary advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission?
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Forward error correcting (FEC) is not suited for digital transmission.
Forward error correcting (FEC) is not suited for digital transmission.
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What does a pulse 'on' represent in digital transmission?
What does a pulse 'on' represent in digital transmission?
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Analog signals represent continuously variable entities such as temperature, pressure, or ______.
Analog signals represent continuously variable entities such as temperature, pressure, or ______.
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Match the following characteristics with their corresponding signal type:
Match the following characteristics with their corresponding signal type:
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Which of the following describes how light signals function in digital transmission?
Which of the following describes how light signals function in digital transmission?
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Each digit in a binary number is referred to as a byte.
Each digit in a binary number is referred to as a byte.
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What is the binary representation of the decimal number 10?
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 10?
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A byte consists of 6 bits.
A byte consists of 6 bits.
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Define digital signal transmission in terms of its components.
Define digital signal transmission in terms of its components.
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What is the decimal value of the binary number 1111?
What is the decimal value of the binary number 1111?
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1 Kilobyte (1KB) is equal to ______ bytes.
1 Kilobyte (1KB) is equal to ______ bytes.
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Match the following units with their values:
Match the following units with their values:
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Which type of capacitor is usually polarized and marked with a plus sign on the anode?
Which type of capacitor is usually polarized and marked with a plus sign on the anode?
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Semiconductors can conduct electricity more effectively than metals.
Semiconductors can conduct electricity more effectively than metals.
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What is the term used for adding impurities to a semiconductor to increase its number of charge carriers?
What is the term used for adding impurities to a semiconductor to increase its number of charge carriers?
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In n-type semiconductors, the main current carriers are __________.
In n-type semiconductors, the main current carriers are __________.
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Which of the following statements about holes in semiconductors is true?
Which of the following statements about holes in semiconductors is true?
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Match the types of semiconductors with their characteristics:
Match the types of semiconductors with their characteristics:
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What happens to the number of free electrons in a semiconductor when a donor is introduced?
What happens to the number of free electrons in a semiconductor when a donor is introduced?
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Tantalum capacitors can hold more charge compared to ceramic capacitors.
Tantalum capacitors can hold more charge compared to ceramic capacitors.
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What is the primary function of a light emitting diode (LED)?
What is the primary function of a light emitting diode (LED)?
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Transistors can only function as switches and not as amplifiers.
Transistors can only function as switches and not as amplifiers.
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What type of semiconductor materials are used in transistors?
What type of semiconductor materials are used in transistors?
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The middle layer of a transistor is known as the ______.
The middle layer of a transistor is known as the ______.
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Match the type of transistor with its description:
Match the type of transistor with its description:
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Which color of LED is typically easier to produce?
Which color of LED is typically easier to produce?
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LEDs have a long lifespan compared to traditional light bulbs.
LEDs have a long lifespan compared to traditional light bulbs.
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What happens when a small voltage is applied to the base of an n-p-n transistor?
What happens when a small voltage is applied to the base of an n-p-n transistor?
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What is the primary function of converting analog signals to digital representations?
What is the primary function of converting analog signals to digital representations?
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Twisted pairs help in the elimination of noise due to electromagnetic fields.
Twisted pairs help in the elimination of noise due to electromagnetic fields.
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What is the role of the third signal lead in analog signal transmission?
What is the role of the third signal lead in analog signal transmission?
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A __________ is a pair of wires surrounded by a conductor that blocks interference.
A __________ is a pair of wires surrounded by a conductor that blocks interference.
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Which of the following wiring options is considered not very reliable in screening out noise?
Which of the following wiring options is considered not very reliable in screening out noise?
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Match the type of wiring with its description:
Match the type of wiring with its description:
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Coaxial cables produce external electric and magnetic fields.
Coaxial cables produce external electric and magnetic fields.
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What property of cadmium sulfide resistance makes it useful for light measurement?
What property of cadmium sulfide resistance makes it useful for light measurement?
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Study Notes
Basic Electronic Parameters and Components
- Voltage: Difference in charge between two points, measured in Volts.
- Current: Flow of electrons through a conductor/semiconductor, measured in Amperes (Amps). Flow is from positive to negative.
- Power: Work a circuit can do, measured in Watts (Watts = Volts x Amps).
- Ground: Minimum voltage reference level; connected to earth (or considered floating).
- Resistance: Measured in Ohms (Ω). Controls current and voltage drops in circuits. Used to limit current flow to components (like LEDs) to prevent damage.
Resistor Color Code
- A system for visually representing a resistor's resistance value using colored bands.
- The first two bands represent the first two digits of the resistance.
- The third band represents the multiplier (number of zeros to add).
- The fourth band represents the tolerance (accuracy).
Examples of Resistor Color Codes
- Yellow, Purple, Red, Gold = 47*100 ohms ±5%
- Brown, Black, Yellow = 10*10,000 ohms ±5%
Potentiometer
- A variable resistor with a wiper that moves between two leads.
- Resistance changes with knob rotation (linear or logarithmic).
- Used to adjust voltage or resistance levels.
Ohm's Law
- V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance)
- I = V/R (Current = Voltage / Resistance)
- R = V/I (Resistance = Voltage / Current)
Circuits
- Closed loop: Current flows through load.
- Open circuit: Break in circuit; no current flow.
- Short circuit: Insufficient resistance; excessive current flow.
- Series circuits: Components connected end to end; same current throughout.
- Parallel circuits: Components connected in branches; same voltage across each.
Switches
- Mechanical devices interrupt current flow.
- Characterized by the number of poles and throws.
Alternating Current (AC)
- Voltage alternates/changes over time.
- Specifed by a root-means-square (RMS) value (1/√2 times the peak).
Inductors
- Store energy in a magnetic field.
- Coiled wire; value in Henries (H).
- Used in AC filters.
- Increase in strength of magnetic field if wire is coiled.
- Used as electromagnet.
Transformers
- Devices to change AC voltage (higher or lower).
- Two coils, primary (input) and secondary (output), sharing a core.
Relays
- Electromechanical switches controlled by an electromagnet.
- Generates voltage spikes when magnetic field collapses.
- Used in devices that need electrical isolation.
Capacitors
- Components that store electrical charge.
- Two separated metal plates with a non-conductor (dielectric) material between.
- Value in Farads (F), often pico-Farads (pF) or micro-Farads (µF).
- Two types: electrolytic and non-electrolytic.
Electrolytic Capacitors
- Store more charge but have a polarity.
- Used in DC circuits.
- Leak charge over time.
Non-Electrolytic Capacitors
- Do not have a polarity.
- Store less charge.
Semiconductors
- Materials with intermediate conductivity between conductors and insulators.
- Doped with impurities (donors or acceptors) to increase conductivity.
- N-type semiconductors have more electrons.
- P-type semiconductors have more holes.
Diodes
- Two-terminal semiconductor devices that conduct current in one direction.
- Used as rectifiers (convert AC to DC), reverse polarity, and protect from voltage spikes (e.g. surge).
- Junction of n-type and p-type semiconductors.
- Depletion layer prevents current flow in one direction.
Transistors
- Three-terminal semiconductor devices used as switches and amplifiers.
- Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs).
- BJTs use current flow from base to collector/emitter to control current.
- FETs control current flow based on voltage changes.
Analog vs. Digital Signals
- Analog: Continuous; can take any value between a range of values.
- Digital: Discrete; binary (0 or 1). Represents information by varying numbers.
Logic Gates
-
Basic logic functions (AND, OR, NOT).
-
Used to combine and manipulate logical inputs.
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AND: Output is true only if all inputs are true
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OR: Output is true if any input is true.
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NOT: Output reverses the input (inverse).
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NAND: Output is false if all inputs are true.
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NOR : Output is false if any input is true.
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XOR: Output is true if inputs are different.
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XNOR: Output is true if inputs are the same.
Sequential Logic
- Circuits which remember previous input states.
- Includes latches (RS, D, JK) and flip-flops.
- Characterized by feedback loops.
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Description
Explore the essential electronic parameters such as voltage, current, power, and resistance. Learn how these concepts are applied in circuits along with understanding the resistor color code system for identifying resistance values. Perfect for beginners in electronics!
