Basic Electronic Experiments: Model PK-101

Basic Electronic Experiments: Model PK-101

• Transforms any standard breadboard into an electronic learning center.
• It is possible to perform 50 experiments.
• One is able to build an Electronic Keyboard, Electronic Kazoo, Battery Tester, Finger Touch Lamp, Burglar and Water Alarms, a Siren, and a Magnetic Bridge.
• No soldering or tools are required.
• All parts are included.
• Requires a breadboard and a 9V battery or power supply.
• Teaches the basic principles of electronics, how to build circuits using a breadboard, how basic electronic components work and how to read their values, how to read electronic schematics, how to design and troubleshoot basic electronic circuits, and how to change the performance of electronic circuits by changing component values.

Parts List

• 470Ω Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 1kΩ Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 3.3kΩ Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 10kΩ Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 33kΩ Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 100kΩ Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 1MΩ Resistor, 0.25W (1)
• 50kΩ Variable Resistor, lay-down, with dial (1)
• 0.005µF Disc Capacitor (1)
• 0.047μF Disc Capacitor (1)
• 10µF Electrolytic Capacitor (1)
• 100µF Electrolytic Capacitor (1)
• Diode, 1N4148 (1)
• Transistor, NPN, 2N3904 (3)
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) (2)
• Transformer (1)
• Switch, push-button (1)
• 9V Battery Clip (1)
• Speaker, 8Ω, 0.25 Watt, with wires added (1)
• Wires Bag (1)

Introduction to Basic Components

• Electricity: Flow of sub-atomic particles called electrons.
• The electrons move from atom to atom when an electrical charge is applied across the material.
• Electric current measures how fast electrons are flowing in a wire.
• Expressed in amperes (A) or milliamps (mA).
• Voltage is expressed in volts (V).
• The voltage measures the strength of the electric charge from a battery or generator.
• The power supply converts electricity from the electric company for use.

The Resistor

• Resistors are components that control how much electric current flows.
• Resistance is expressed in ohms (Ω), kilohms (kΩ), or megohms (MΩ).
• Breadboards are used for mounting electronic components and making connections easy.
• Breadboards have holes arranged in rows and columns for component insertion.

Breadboard Connections

• Columns of 5 holes are electrically connected, but columns are not connected to each other.
• Rows marked with a blue "-" or a red "+" are electrically connected, but rows are not connected to each other.
• The red "+" holes are for "+" battery or power supply connections, the blue "-" holes for ground connections.

Identifying Hole Locations

• Rows on breadboards are marked with letters, columns with numbers.
• Connections are identified by row/column number (e.g., b26).

Experiment #1: The Light Bulb

• Red battery wire/positive power supply into hole j4, black wire/negative power supply into hole (-)3.
• Insert switch into holes f4 and f5.
• Insert the 10kΩ resistor into holes j5 and j9.
• Insert the LED into holes g20 and g21. The "flat" side of the LED goes into g21.
• Insert a short wire between holes h9 and j20.
• Be sure all wires are securely in place and not loose.
• Make sure metal into each hole isn’t touching any other metal, including other parts of the same component.
• Schematics are "maps" for electronic circuits used by electronic designers and technicians.
• Changing the resistance in the circuit will increase the current through it.

More About Resistors

• Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
• Expressed as: Current = Voltage / Resistance.
• Resistance converts energy to heat due to electrical friction.
• Resistors are made using carbon with different resistive values.
• Materials with low resistance are called conductors, high resistance called insulators.

Resistor Color Code

• The first ring represents the first digit.
• The second ring represents the second digit.
• The third ring tells you the power of ten to multiply by.
• The final ring represents the construction tolerance.

The Variable Resistor

• A normal resistor with an additional arm contact that can move along the resistive material and tap off the desired resistance.
• The dial on the variable resistor moves the arm contact.
• It set the resistance between the left and center pins.

Experiment #2: The Brightness Control

• Remove the 10kΩ resistor used in the previous experiment.
• The circuit is set up to include a 1kΩ resistor in to limit the current to avoid damaging the LED.
• Variable resistors control light dimmers, along with volume in radios, TVs, and devices.

Experiment #3: Resistors in Series

• Resistors in series add together to increase the total resistance for the circuit.

Experiment #4: Parallel Pipes

• The more water pipes/resistors there are in parallel, the lower the total resistance is and the more water/current will flow.

Experiment 5: Comparison of Parallel Currents

• Parallel resistor-LED circuits will have one brightness that is dependent on the resistor value placed in series, and one constant.

Experiment #6: Combined Circuit

• Resistors work in series and parallel to be combined to create circuits to capacitors and inductors

Experiment #7: Water Detector

• If there is a dimmer light with water, the LED should become brighter because water has a lower electrical resistance when salt is dissolved in it.

Introduction to Capacitors

• Capacitors are electrical components that can store electrical pressure (voltage) for periods of time.
• A capacitor has a difference in voltage/electrical pressure across it, which is said to be charged.
• They are charged by having a one-way current flow for a short period of time.
• Capacitance is expressed in farads (F), microfarads (µF), or picofarads (pF).
• Electrolytic capacitors are high capacitance and used mostly in power supply or low frequency circuits.
• Capacitance and voltage are usually marked on them.
• These parts all have "+" and "-" polarity markings.
• Disc capacitors are low capacitance and are used mostly in radio or high frequency applications.

Experiment #8: Slow Light Bulb

• A circuit like this is used to slowly light or darken a room, such as in a movie theater.
• Charge/discharge times are proportional to both the capacitance and the resistance in the charge/discharge path!

Experiment #9: Small Dominates Large/Capacitors in Series

• Capacitors in series combine to make a smaller circuit capacitance.
• You could think of capacitors in series as adding together the stiffness of their rubber diaphragms.

Experiment #10: Large Dominates Small/Capacitors in Parallel

• Capacitors in parallel add together just like resistors in series. 10µF + 100μF = 110µF total circuit capacitance.

Experiment #11: Make Your Own Battery

• When the capacitor is charged up it is storing electricity which could be used elsewhere at a later time

Test Your Knowledge #1

1. Electrons
2. short
3. battery
4. increase
5. insulators, conductors
6. decreases, increases
7. decreases
8. voltage
9. alternating, direct
10. increases, decreases

Introduction to Diodes

• The diode is an electronic device that allows current to flow in only one direction.
• Electronic diodes are made from materials called semiconductors.
• Once the voltage across the diode exceeds a small turn-on level the resistance of the diode becomes very low in one direction (forward-biased).
• In the other direction the diode is always a very high resistance (reverse-biased).

Experiment #12: One - Way Current

• Re-wire the diode back to forward-biased. In this situation, when you press the switch the LED doesnt work.

Experiment #13: One-Way Light Bulbs

• Diodes made of Gallium Arsenide need a higher voltage across them to turn on, usually about 1.5V.

Introduction to Transistors

• The transistor can be best described as a current amplifier - it uses a small amount of current to control a large amount of current.
• If the base pipe is much smaller than the collector and emitter pipes, then a small base current Iß flowing in will cause a large collector current Ic to flow in.
• A key advantage of semiconductors is that several transistors can be manufactured on a single piece of silicon.
• It has three connection points, called the emitter, base, and collector.

Experiment #14: The Electronic Switch

• the transistor will conduct electricity (be ON) only when theres base current, not when theres voltage between emitter and resistor
• the reason is the transistor is a current amplifier, not a voltage amplifier
• a very small base current EB causes enough current flow (through transistor EC) to light the LED

Experiment #15: The Current Amplifier

• Connect the circuit and press the switch.
• The right LED in the collector path is brighter because the base current is amplified by the transistor.

Experiment #16: The Substitute

• Once there is enough pressure to overcome the spring in check valve DE( .7V) there would only be a slight resistance and no current gain
• When the base and collector of a transistor are connected together the transistor becomes a diode

Experiment #17: Standard Transistor Biasing Circuit

• This circuit will normally be used with the voltage-divider set so that the transistor is turned on but is not saturated.
• The small alternating current( AC) signal is applied to the base, than a larger copy of the signal appears at the collector

Experiment #18: Very Slow Light Bulb

• Controls charge and dischage: change capacitor or resistor to change charge and discharge time
• Use a large resistor for a slow charge and still have bright led

Experiment #19: The Darlington

• Connect the components and press the switch, hold it down for several seconds
• Led still takes time to turn on, after its charged the capacitor it will stay lit

Experiment #20: The 2 Finger Touch Lamp

• Touching and having your body act as a resistor completes the circuit and alows the led to light

Experiment #21 The : One Finger Touch Lamp

• Actually the touch lamps you see in stores only need to be touched by one finger to light, not two
• it's best to touch the resistor metal after wetting your finger for best results

Test Your Knowledge #2

1. reverse
2. LEDs
3. amplifier
4. integrated
5. saturated
6. direct, alternating
7. decreases, increases
8. magnetic
9. increases
10. twice

Experiment #22: Voltmeter

• make sure you have a STRONG 9V battery, 10%, be sure to disconnect the battery during non-use to avoid draining the cell

Experiment #23

• 1. 5 volt Battery Tester
• make sure you have 9V
• Disconnect non use
• hold between lose wires
• leds bright, battery is good

Experiment #24 9: Battery Tester

• 9v
• make sure you have strong
• Disconnect when non use
• Measure batteries 9v
• connect + and -=

Experiment #25 Immunizer

To the Batteries

• 9v

Experiment 26-

The Anti-Condesator:

• capacitors block, DC (direct) but pass AC(alternating)

Experiment #26 Anti - Capacitor

• Reacll that capacitors blocked dicect current DC but passed alternating current AC
• the transformer has 3 wires while the secondary side has two
• The primary side has 3 wires while the secondary side has 2 wires

Experiment #27

Magnet Bridge :

• Press the switch and switch several times to blink

Experiment #28

The Lighthouse

• Connect the circuit
• Every few seconds led blinks

Experiment # 29 : ElECTRONIC SOUND

• Connect the sound
• Resisters + Capacitors Connected

Experiment #31 - Morsecode

• Fore runner* tele system MorseCode Connect Circuit . the same oscillator circuit that u have been . long burst in short

Experiment #38 Electronic Rain:

• connect Circut
• Youll to hear sound like rain drops-

#40 Experiment Blinking Lights

• Multivibrater
• turn left
• Press switch to find

Test Your Knowledge #3

1. feedback
2. mechanical
3. decreases
4. OR
5. NAND

Troubleshooting Guide

• Check wiring
• terminals of 9v capacitor
• Make sure have good 9v, resister color code, and read brad points

Definition of Terms

• Alternating Current -. a current that constantly changes
• Capacitors
  • electronic component that stores electricial pressure