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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of one ampere of current?
What is the definition of one ampere of current?
Which voltage type flows in one direction only?
Which voltage type flows in one direction only?
What is one advantage of alternating current (AC) over direct current (DC)?
What is one advantage of alternating current (AC) over direct current (DC)?
Which of the following materials is classified as an insulator?
Which of the following materials is classified as an insulator?
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What is the formula for calculating electrical charge (Q) in a power bank configuration?
What is the formula for calculating electrical charge (Q) in a power bank configuration?
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Who is credited with early observations of static electricity?
Who is credited with early observations of static electricity?
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What does static electricity refer to?
What does static electricity refer to?
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What type of charge is associated with protons?
What type of charge is associated with protons?
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What was William Gilbert's significant contribution to the field of electricity?
What was William Gilbert's significant contribution to the field of electricity?
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What happens when positive and negative charges interact?
What happens when positive and negative charges interact?
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What is the result when there is an equal number of protons and electrons in a substance?
What is the result when there is an equal number of protons and electrons in a substance?
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How did Thales of Miletus contribute to the understanding of natural phenomena?
How did Thales of Miletus contribute to the understanding of natural phenomena?
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What is meant by 'Electric Charge'?
What is meant by 'Electric Charge'?
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What represents the positive charge of an atom?
What represents the positive charge of an atom?
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What is the unit of measurement for electrical current?
What is the unit of measurement for electrical current?
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Which term describes a material that does not easily allow electricity to pass through?
Which term describes a material that does not easily allow electricity to pass through?
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What is the force that drives the movement of electric charge in a circuit?
What is the force that drives the movement of electric charge in a circuit?
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How many valence electrons does a good conductor generally have?
How many valence electrons does a good conductor generally have?
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What is the role of the ground in an electrical circuit?
What is the role of the ground in an electrical circuit?
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What is the directed movement of free electrons known as?
What is the directed movement of free electrons known as?
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Which disturbances can affect the flow of electric current?
Which disturbances can affect the flow of electric current?
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Electricity
- Module title: Basic Electrical Engineering (ELEN 016)
- Professor: Engr. Jomar J. Daciles, REE, RME, SO2
- Year: 2008
- Institution: Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Objectives
- Explain electricity and other electrical terminologies
- Enumerate and describe the sources of electricity
- Differentiate insulator and conductor
What is Electricity?
- A form of energy, resulting from charged particles (electrons or protons)
- Can be static (accumulation of charge) or dynamic (current)
- Also refers to a thrilling excitement or feeling
Background: Thales of Miletus
- Contributed to philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy
- Noted that amber (fossilized tree resin) rubbed with fur attracts lightweight objects
- One of the earliest observations of static electricity
Background: William Gilbert
- Pioneer in the study of electricity and magnetism
- Showed static electricity occurs in many materials
- Coined the word "Electricity" (from the Greek word for amber—"electron")
- Is considered the father of electricity
Static Electricity
- Electricity at rest, not moving
- Electric Charge: the quantity of electricity in an object.
- Two types of electric charge: positive, negative
- Neutral charge occurs when the positive and negative charges are equal
Electrical Charge
- Positive charge: associated with protons in an atom's nucleus
- Negative charge: associated with electrons orbiting the nucleus
- Neutral charge: an equal number of protons and electrons
Electrical Charge (continued)
- Protons have a positive charge (+).
- Electrons have a negative charge (-).
- Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract.
Overview of Electricity
- Electricity is a fundamental entity composed of negatively and positively charged particles (electrons and protons).
- Electric current is the directed movement of free electrons.
Electrical Terminologies
- Circuit: a closed path of current, including a source, conductor, and load
- Current: directed flow of free electrons, measured in amperes (A)
- Voltage: electromotive force, a potential difference, measured in volts (V)
- Resistance: difficulty of an electric current passing through a substance, measured in ohms (Ω)
Conductors and Insulators
- Conductors: materials allowing electric current to flow easily (e.g., metals like copper, aluminum)
- Insulators: materials resisting electric current flow (e.g., rubber, porcelain, plastic)
Current (Electric Current)
- Directed flow of free electrons
Methods to Have Free Electrons
- Valence electrons: outermost shell electrons
- Insulator: more valence electrons
- Semiconductor: equal to 4 valence electrons
- Conductor: less than 4 valence electrons
Third-party disturbances
- Heat, magnetism, chemical reaction, photon energy, and friction
Current (Ampere)
- Unit symbol:
I - Unit: Amperes (A)
- Formula: I = Q/t, where Q is charge in Coulombs and t is time in seconds.
- 1 Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons
- 1 electron = 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs
Charge (Q)
- Ampere-second
- Milli-ampere-hour (mAh)
Powerbank Charge
- Units such as Watt-hour (Wh), Amp-hour (Ah), and milli-amp-hour (mAh)
Resistance
- Measure of difficulty to pass an electric current through a substance
- Resist the flow of free electrons
Voltage (V)
- Force that moves charges
- Quantitative expression of potential difference
- Measured in Volts (V)
- Formula: V = W/Q, where W is work done and Q is charge
Voltage (V) Example
- Shows calculation of voltage given work done and charge
Sources of Electricity
- No specific details provided in the slides
Types of Voltage
- Direct Current (DC): one-directional current
- Alternating Current (AC): periodically reverses direction
Direct Current (DC)
- One-directional flow
- Examples: batteries, solar panels
Direct Current (DC) Example
- Illustrates solar panels, batteries, and inverters
Alternating Current (AC)
- Reverses direction periodically
- Examples: power lines for homes
Alternating Current (AC) Example
- Shows AC power lines in homes
AC Advantage over DC
- Easily produced
- Cheaper to maintain
- Distributes to lower distances
- Can be transformed to higher voltage
- More efficient
Example: Rectifier
- Device to convert AC to DC voltage
Power Generation
- No specific details provided in the slides
Power Generation (continued)
- Diagram illustrates power generation process, including generation, transmission, and distribution
Insulator and Conductor
- Insulator: high resistance to electricity (e.g., rubber, porcelain, plastic)
- Conductor: easy passage of current (e.g., metal like copper, aluminum)
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Description
Test your understanding of the fundamentals of electricity with this quiz based on the Basic Electrical Engineering module (ELEN 016). Explore key terminologies, sources of electricity, and the differences between conductors and insulators. This assessment will also touch on historical figures who contributed to the study of electricity.
