Fundamentals Of Electricity Module 1 PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE 1: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ELEN 016) PROFESSOR: ENGR. JOMAR J. DACLES, REE, RME, S02 OBJECTIVES: EXPLAIN ELECTRICITY AND OTHER ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY DIFFERENTIATE INSULATOR AND CONDUCTOR WHAT IS E...

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY MODULE 1: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ELEN 016) PROFESSOR: ENGR. JOMAR J. DACLES, REE, RME, S02 OBJECTIVES: EXPLAIN ELECTRICITY AND OTHER ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY DIFFERENTIATE INSULATOR AND CONDUCTOR WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? BACKGROUND: THALES OF MILETUS (624 – 546 BCE) - best known for his contributions to philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy, he is also credited with early observations of static electricity. He noted that when amber (fossilized tree resin) is rubbed with fur, it can attract lightweight objects like feathers or bits of straw. This phenomenon is one of the earliest recorded observations of static electricity, showcasing Thales's interest in natural phenomena and the physical world. His work laid important groundwork for later scientific exploration. BACKGROUND: WILLIAM GILBERT (1544 – 1603) - was a pioneering figure in the study of electricity and magnetism. His work laid the groundwork for understanding static electricity, which he demonstrated through experiments with various materials. He was one of the first to recognize that rubbing certain substances could produce an attractive force, a phenomenon we now understand as static electricity. - Explained clearly the “Static Electricity. He showed that many other materials exhibit this small force. He coined the word “Electricity” (after the Greek word for amber – electron). Etymologically electricity means amber city. He became the father of Electricity thru re-discovery of Static Electricity (friction or rubbing). STATIC ELECTRICITY - Is an electricity energy at rest; standing still at rest. Electric Charge – is the quantity of electricity held in an object. Two types of electric charges 1. Positive Charge 2. Negative Charge However: If “Positive Charge = Negative Charge” – Neutral Charge ELECTRICAL CHARGE Positive Charge - This type of charge is associated with protons, which are found in the nucleus of atoms. Positive charges repel each other but attract negative charges. In everyday terms, you can think of positive charge as the "deficit" of electron. NEGATIVE CHARGE – This charge is associated with electrons, which orbit the nucleus of atoms. Negative charges repel each other and attract positive charges.You can think of negative charge as the "surplus" of electrons. NEUTRAL CHARGE – equal number of protons and electrons in substance. ELECTRICAL CHARGE PROTONS – IS THE (+) POSITIVE CHARGE OF AN ATOM. ELECTRONS – IS THE (-) NEGATIVE CHARGE OF AN ATOM. OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICITY: Is the fundamental entity consisting of negatively and positively charge. Composed respectively by electrons and protons. Is the directed movement of free electrons which makes an electric current  ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CIRCUITS - is a closed complete path of the current. Includes electricity source, a conductor and the output device or load (such as a lamp, tool, or heater) CURRENT - is the directed flow of free electron pass to a given point in an electric circuit, measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes (A). VOLTAGE – force that is also called electromotive force; is a quantitative expression of the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field. It is measured in volts (V). RESISTANCE – is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance.  CONT.: CONDUCTOR - is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. Insulators – is a material that does not easily allow flow of electricity through an electric current. Ground - is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.  STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM ATOM - SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT. NUCLEUS – CENTER OF AN ATOM, MADE UP OF NEUTRONS AND PROTONS. BINDING ENERGY – FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE CHARGE. CURRENT (ELECTRIC CURRENT) DIRECTED FLOW OF FREE ELECTRON METHODS TO HAVE FREE ELECTRON: ✓ VALENCE ELECTRON – OUTERMOST SHELL ELECTRON IS…. INSULATOR – GREATER THAN 4 VALENCE ELECTRON SEMI-CONDUCTOR – EQUAL TO 4 VALENCE ELECTRON CONDUCTOR – LESS THAN 4 VALENCE ELECTRON THIRD PARTY: DISTURBANCES: ✓ HEAT ✓ MAGNETISM ✓ CHEMICAL REACTION ✓ PHOTON ENERGY ✓ FRICTION CONT.: CONT:. BACK TO FREE ELECTRON IN COPPER: CONT:. CURRENT (AMPERE) - REPRESENTED BY LETTER SYMBOL ( I ). THE BASIC UNIT IN WHICH CURRENT IS MEASURED IS THE AMPERE (A). ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT IS DEFINED AS THE MOVEMENT OF ONE COULOMB PAST ANY POINT OF A CONDUCTOR DURING ONE SECOND OF TIME 1 coulomb = 6.25 x 10 18 è 1 electron = 1.602 x 10 -19 coulomb CHARGE (Q) - Ampere-second - Milli-ampere-second - Milli-ampere-hour/mAh POWERBANK CHARGE Q = 37 watt-hour/5v Q = 7.4 Ah Q = 7400 mAh POWERBANK CHARGE RESISTANCE Is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance. Resist the flow of free electron. VOLTAGE (V) FORCE THAT MOVES CHARGE (EITHER PUSH OR PULL) IS ALSO CALLED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE; IS A QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION OF THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN CHARGE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN AN ELECTRICAL FIELD. IT IS MEASURED IN VOLTS (V). VOLTAGE (V) SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY TYPES OF VOLTAGE 1. Direct Current (DC Voltage) 2. Alternating Current (AC Voltage) DIRECT CURRENT flow of current is only one direction. The flow is said to be from negative to positive. DIRECT CURRENT EXAMPLE: INVERTER – DC TO AC ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) continually reverses its direction of polarity flow. Therefore, the resulting alternating current also periodically reverses direction. ALTERNATING CURRENT EXAMPLE: AC POWER LINES USED IN MOST HOMES AC ADVANTAGE OVER DC ✓ IT IS EASILY PRODUCED ✓ IT IS CHEAPER TO MAINTAIN ✓ DISTRIBUTED TO LOWER DISTANCE ✓ IT COLD BE TRANSFORMED INTO HIGHER VOLTAGE ✓ MORE EFFICIENT EXAMPLE: RECTIFIER – CONVERT AC TO DC VOLTAGE POWER GENERATION POWER GENERATION CONT.: INSULATOR AND CONDUCTOR Insulator – Displaying high resistance to Conductor – A materials that permits electricity. an electric current to flow easily. Ex. Rubber, Porcelain, Dry wood, Plastic, Ex. Gold, Platinum, Copper, Aluminum and Mica and Metals. Prepared By: Engr. JOMAR J. DACLES