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Questions and Answers
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called ______.
plaque
The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a ______.
blood clot
Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent ______.
atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, but it can affect arteries anywhere in the ______.
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Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't have any ______.
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Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart and can trigger a ______ or stroke.
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At first, the heart tries to make up for heart failure by __________.
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With an enlarged heart, the body starts to retain __________.
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The heart begins to beat irregularly when it becomes __________.
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Increasing muscle mass in the heart allows it to pump more __________.
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The body diverts blood away from less important tissues and __________.
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Left-sided cardiac failure occurs when the left ventricle is unable to pump blood that enters from the __________.
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The ______ barked
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The ______ meowed
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The responsibilities of ______ system include pumping blood to the body tissues and cells, supplying oxygen and nutrients, and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism from tissues and cells.
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The upper chambers of the heart are the right atrium and left ______.
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During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with ______.
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The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) is known as the ______ of the heart.
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The P wave in an electrocardiogram corresponds to the depolarization of the ______ node.
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Arteries carry blood away from the ______.
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Capillaries have extremely thin walls that allow for the exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid surrounding body ______.
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Cyanosis is a symptom that may indicate cardiovascular problems and is characterized by bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin or ______ membranes.
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______ breathing Cough Fatigue (extreme tiredness even after rest) General weakness Bluish color of finger and lips Sleepiness and trouble concentrating
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Inability to sleep lying flat Right-sided cardiac failure – Right side of heart cannot empty blood received from venous circulation – Characteristics: Nausea (feeling sick in the stomach) and loss of appetite Pain in your abdomen (area around your stomach) ______ in your ankles, feet, legs, abdomen, and the veins in your neck Needing to pee often Weight gain
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Mitral ______ Prolapse Defined – Drooping of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole Results in incomplete closure of the valve and mitral insufficiency
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Myocarditis Defined – ______ of the myocardium May be viral or bacterial infection May be result of systemic disease May be caused by fungal infections, serum sickness, or chemical agent
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Pericarditis Defined – Inflammation of the pericardium (saclike membrane) that covers the heart muscle May be acute or chronic
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Endocarditis Defined – Inflammation of the membrane lining of the valves and chambers of the heart Caused by direct invasion of bacteria or other organisms Leads to deformity of valve cusps
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Vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment Neuropathy of the nerves leading to extraocular muscle paralysis and dysfunction Retina Normal and Hypertensive Retinopathy A B C Normal Retina Hypertensive Retinopathy A: Hemorrhages B: Exudates (Fatty Deposits) C: Cotton Wool Spots (Micro Strokes) Stage I- Arteriolar Narrowing Arteriolar Narrowing Stage II- AV Nicking AVAVNicking Nicking AV Nicking AV Nicking Stage III- Hemorrhages (H), Cotton Wool Spots and Exudates (E) H E Stage IV- Stage III+Papilledema Patient Evaluation Objectives (1) To assess lifestyle and identify other cardiovascular risk factors or concomitant disorders that may affect prognosis and guide treatment (2) To reveal identifiable causes of high BP (3) To assess the presence or absence of target organ damage and CVD PREVENTION Weight reduction Aerobic exercise (e.g. walking) Reducing sugar intake Reducing sodium (salt) Fruits, vegetables Low-fat or fat-free food Stopping smoking Reducing stress (relaxation therapy – meditation) 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension Lifestyle changes for hypertensive patients Recommendations to reduce BP and/or CV risk factors Salt intake ______ 5-6 g/day Moderate alcohol intake Limit to 20-30 g/day men, 10-20 g/day women Increase vegetable, fruit, low-fat dairy intake 25 kg/m2 BMI goal Waist circumference goal Men:
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______ 5-6 g/day Moderate alcohol intake Limit to 20-30 g/day men, 10-20 g/day women Increase vegetable, fruit, low-fat dairy intake 25 kg/m2 BMI goal Waist circumference goal Men: Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: Atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, but it can affect arteries anywhere in the ______. Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't have any ______. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent ______. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart and can trigger a ______ or stroke. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called ______. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a ______.
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Salt intake ______ 5-6 g/day Moderate alcohol intake Limit to 20-30 g/day men, 10-20 g/day women Increase vegetable, fruit, low-fat dairy intake 25 kg/m2 BMI goal Waist circumference goal Men: Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: Atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, but it can affect arteries anywhere in the ______. Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't have any ______. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent ______. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart and can trigger a ______ or stroke. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called ______. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a ______.
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Increase vegetable, fruit, low-fat dairy intake 25 kg/m2 BMI goal Waist circumference goal Men: Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: Atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, but it can affect arteries anywhere in the ______. Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't have any ______. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent ______. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart and can trigger a ______ or stroke. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called ______. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a ______.
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25 kg/m2 BMI goal Waist circumference goal Men: Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: Atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, but it can affect arteries anywhere in the ______. Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't have any ______. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent ______. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart and can trigger a ______ or stroke. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called ______. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a ______.
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Waist circumference ______ Men: Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: Atherosclerosis is often considered a heart problem, but it can affect arteries anywhere in the ______. Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't have any ______. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent ______. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart and can trigger a ______ or stroke. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called ______. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a ______.
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