Basic and Organic Chemistry Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the medulla oblongata?

Facilitating motor coordination

Processing visual information

Regulating hormones in the body

Controlling autonomic functions such as breathing and heartbeat (correct)

Which structure acts as the relay station for sensory information going to the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus (correct)

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for language production?

Broca’s area (correct)

Wernicke’s area

Prefrontal cortex

Primary auditory area

In the context of reflex arcs, what is the function of the dorsal root ganglion?

Housing the cell bodies of sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the ear is responsible for balance?

Semicircular canals Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared equally between atoms?

Non-polar covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is responsible for making organic compounds soluble in water?

Hydroxyl group Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cellular solutions, what happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

The cell swells and may burst Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which cell junction is responsible for anchoring cells to the extracellular matrix and allows for communication?

Desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microtubules in a cell?

Facilitating transport within the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

Storage of energy and insulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Resorb bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood calcium levels when calcitonin is released?

Blood calcium levels decrease Signup and view all the answers

In the sliding filament theory, which filaments are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

Actin filaments Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus interact with the pituitary gland?

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

Synovial joints Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the bone matrix?

Collagen and calcium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which property of muscle tissue refers to its ability to respond to stimuli?

Excitability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Protect against environmental hazards Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood sugar levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myelin in neurons?

Speed up signal transmission Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

Potassium channels open and potassium rushes out Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Chemistry

Atomic Structure: Given atomic number and weight, determine number of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and predict common ion formed.
Chemical Bonds: Define ionic, covalent (polar and non-polar), and hydrogen bonds.
Water Properties: Describe the properties of water.
Compound Behavior in Water: Predict how compounds behave in water based on bond type.
Acid-Base-Salt-Buffer: Define acids, bases, salts, and buffers, and describe how each affects pH.

Organic Chemistry

Functional Groups: Identify and name common functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphoryl).
Carbohydrates: Describe the main functions of glucose, ribose, lactose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch.
Fatty Acids: Describe the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their health impacts.
Lipids: Describe the main functions of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
Proteins: Identify the basic unit and functions of proteins, and explain why protein shape is crucial.
Nucleic Acids: Describe DNA and RNA, including basic unit, function, bases, sugar, number of strands, and location.

Cells and Membrane Transport

Plasma Membrane: Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
Passive Transport: Describe diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis: types of molecules transported, direction of movement, need for transport protein, energy requirement, and energy source.
Active Transport: Describe ATPase pumps and secondary active transport: types of molecules transported, direction of movement, need for transport protein, energy requirement, and energy source.
Vesicular Transport: Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.
Tonicity: Describe the effects of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions on cells.

Cells and Organelles

Cellular Organelles: Describe the functions of the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and vesicles.
Cytoskeleton: Describe the main functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, and name the protein in each.
Cell Junctions: Name and describe the three types of cell junctions.

Histology

Tissue Components: Define the components of tissue (cells, extracellular matrix, fibers, and ground substance).
Epithelial Tissue: List the four characteristics of epithelial tissue and describe the functions of microvilli, cilia, and keratin on epithelial cells.
Connective Tissue Cells: Identify the function of fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, erythrocytes, and leukocytes and the type of connective tissue they are found in.
Tissue Types: Know the functions of simple epithelium, stratified epithelium, areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, compact bone, blood, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and nervous tissue.
Glands: Describe endocrine, exocrine, serous, mucus, and cytogenic glands.

Endocrine System

Endocrine System Functions: List the processes coordinated and regulated by the endocrine system.
Hormone Classes: Describe the three classes of hormones and the type of receptors they bind to.
Hormone Removal: Describe the three ways hormones are removed from the blood.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary: Explain the relationship between the hypothalamus and the two lobes of the pituitary gland.
Hormones (Specific Examples): For thyroid hormones, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol, identify the source, regulators of release, and actions.

Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomical Directional Terms: Define and use anatomical directional terms.
Body Regions: Identify body regions.

Integumentary System

Integumentary System Functions and Components: List the functions and components of the integumentary system.
Melanin: Describe the function of melanin in protecting DNA and contributing to skin color.
Dermis and Hypodermis: Identify the types of connective tissue that make up the two layers.
Skin Conditions: Explain how conditions in the dermis cause cyanosis, erythema, pallor, and jaundice.
Skin Structures: Identify skin structures (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, hair).
Skin Healing: Explain the role of blood clots, macrophages, leukocytes, mast cells, regeneration, and fibrosis in skin healing.

Bones

Skeletal Functions: List the functions of the skeleton.
Long Bone Structure: Draw and label a long bone (diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, endosteum).
Bone Cells: Describe the functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Bone Matrix: Identify the two main components of the bone matrix and implications of its absence.
Bone Growth: Describe how bones grow in length and width.
Bone Remodeling: List the reasons bones are remodeled.
Bone Repair: List the steps of bone repair.
Blood Calcium Regulation: Describe what happens when blood calcium levels are high (role of calcitonin and kidneys) and low (actions of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone).

Bone Identification

Bone Identification: Identify bones and bone markings (word bank provided)

Joints

Types of Joints: Describe and identify examples of the four types of joints (bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).
Synovial Joint Structure: Draw and label a synovial joint (joint capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, tendon, ligament, bursa).
Synovial Joint Function: Describe the function of joint capsule components (fibrous layer, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, tendon, ligament, bursa).
Humeroscapular Joint: Explain the glenoid cavity's shallowness, the biceps brachii tendon, and the rotator cuff.
Tibiofemoral Joint: Identify the function of the patellar ligament, menisci, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments.
Joint Movements: Use correct terms to describe joint movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, elevation, depression).

Muscles

Muscle System Functions: List the functions of the muscular system.
Muscle Properties: List and define the four properties of muscle tissue.
Muscle Structure: Describe muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, and muscle, and the connective tissue surrounding each.
Sarcomere Structure: Draw and label a sarcomere (thick filaments, thin filaments, Z-discs, A band, I band, H band).
Muscle Contraction: Describe the events from acetylcholine release to actin active site uncovering.
Sliding Filament Mechanism: Explain the four steps of the sliding filament mechanism.
Motor Unit: Define a motor unit.
Muscle Metabolism: Describe aerobic respiration, the phosphagen system, and anaerobic respiration: advantages, disadvantages, and use.
Muscle Fiber Types: List the differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers.
Exercise and Muscle: Describe how resistance exercise, endurance exercise, and lack of exercise affect muscles.

Muscle Identification

Muscle Identification: Identify muscles and their actions (word bank provided)

Nervous System

Nervous System Functions: Describe the three functions of the nervous system.
Neuron Structure: Draw and label a neuron (cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal, myelin, nodes of Ranvier).
Membrane Potentials: Define membrane potential, local potential, and action potential.
Local Potentials: Describe the properties of local potentials (excitatory, inhibitory, graded, temporal summation, spatial summation).
Action Potentials: Draw an action potential and label phases (rapid depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization); explain ion channel and membrane potential changes.
Synapse: Describe a synapse and the steps of synaptic transmission.

Brain

Brain Parts and Functions: Identify functions of cerebral spinal fluid, blood-brain barrier, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular formation, thalamus, hypothalamus, primary motor cortex, motor association cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex, primary sensory cortex, sensory association area, Wernicke's area, primary visual cortex, visual association area, primary auditory area, auditory association area, and limbic system.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF): Describe CSF functions and circulation pathway.
Brain Structures (Models): Identify brain parts on models (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, optic chiasm, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum).

Spinal Cord and Reflexes

Spinal Cord Parts: Identify parts of the spinal cord (dorsal column, ventral column, lateral column, dorsal horn, ventral horn, ventral root, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, spinal nerve).
Neuron Cell Bodies: Identify the location of sensory and motor neuron cell bodies.
Reflex Arc: Define a reflex and identify parts of a reflex arc.

General and Special Senses

General Senses: List the stimuli detected by general senses.
Taste and Olfaction: Compare and contrast taste and olfaction, including receptors, number of stimuli differentiated, and delivery of stimulus to receptor.
Ear Structures: Identify parts of the ear (pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, semicircular canals).
Eye Structures: Identify parts of the eye (sclera, choroid, retina, optic nerve, cornea, iris, pupil, lens).

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in both basic and organic chemistry, including atomic structure, chemical bonds, and functional groups. Test your understanding of water properties, acid-base reactions, and the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in biological systems. Perfect for students seeking to solidify their knowledge in the field of chemistry.