Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of basic medical research?
What is the primary focus of basic medical research?
Which of the following best describes clinical research?
Which of the following best describes clinical research?
What does the concept map aim to achieve in research planning?
What does the concept map aim to achieve in research planning?
Which term refers to the ability of research findings to be applied to a larger population?
Which term refers to the ability of research findings to be applied to a larger population?
Signup and view all the answers
What does evidence-based medicine aim to integrate into clinical decision-making?
What does evidence-based medicine aim to integrate into clinical decision-making?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of a conceptual framework in research?
What is the main purpose of a conceptual framework in research?
Signup and view all the answers
How is exposure defined in the context of health research?
How is exposure defined in the context of health research?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best characterizes a brainstorming session in research?
Which of the following best characterizes a brainstorming session in research?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of data do interpretive approaches primarily rely on?
What type of data do interpretive approaches primarily rely on?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of repeated cross-sectional surveys?
What is the main purpose of repeated cross-sectional surveys?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of surveillance collects data from selected clinics to monitor health changes?
Which type of surveillance collects data from selected clinics to monitor health changes?
Signup and view all the answers
What does temporal ambiguity refer to in research?
What does temporal ambiguity refer to in research?
Signup and view all the answers
What describes the process of recruiting controls in a case-control study?
What describes the process of recruiting controls in a case-control study?
Signup and view all the answers
What does secondary data refer to?
What does secondary data refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following options best captures the purpose of surveillance in public health?
Which of the following options best captures the purpose of surveillance in public health?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes tertiary studies in research methodologies?
What characterizes tertiary studies in research methodologies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of a case report?
What is the main purpose of a case report?
Signup and view all the answers
How is cumulative incidence (CI) calculated?
How is cumulative incidence (CI) calculated?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of study analyzes data from a population at a single point in time?
What type of study analyzes data from a population at a single point in time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common error associated with ecologic studies?
What is a common error associated with ecologic studies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes incidence rate (IR)?
Which statement accurately describes incidence rate (IR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes descriptive studies?
What characterizes descriptive studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What best defines interventional studies?
What best defines interventional studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of studies provide a collection of reports on individuals with similar characteristics?
What type of studies provide a collection of reports on individuals with similar characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What does diagnostic accuracy measure in a test?
What does diagnostic accuracy measure in a test?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a hallmark of a drug trial?
Which of the following is a hallmark of a drug trial?
Signup and view all the answers
What is ethnography primarily concerned with?
What is ethnography primarily concerned with?
Signup and view all the answers
What does empiricism assert in the context of quantitative studies?
What does empiricism assert in the context of quantitative studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes an equivalence trial?
What characterizes an equivalence trial?
Signup and view all the answers
In a factorial approach to randomized controlled trials, what is the main focus?
In a factorial approach to randomized controlled trials, what is the main focus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the goal of grounded theory in qualitative research?
What is the goal of grounded theory in qualitative research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is information bias in epidemiological studies?
What is information bias in epidemiological studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a Letter of Inquiry in the research funding process?
What is the purpose of a Letter of Inquiry in the research funding process?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes a solicited proposal from an unsolicited proposal?
What distinguishes a solicited proposal from an unsolicited proposal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is NOT typically included in a research budget?
What is NOT typically included in a research budget?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a no-cost extension?
What is a no-cost extension?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes direct costs in a research project?
Which of the following describes direct costs in a research project?
Signup and view all the answers
In research funding, what does a deliverable refer to?
In research funding, what does a deliverable refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What generally occurs during the closeout process of a grant?
What generally occurs during the closeout process of a grant?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes allowable costs in a funded research project?
What characterizes allowable costs in a funded research project?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Basic Medical Research (Basic Science)
- Explores molecules, genes, cells, and other biological components relevant to human function and health.
- Focuses on mechanisms underlying the formation and function of living organisms.
- Contributes to understanding how disease, trauma, or genetic defects alter normal physiological and behavioral processes.
Clinical Research
- Evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat adverse health issues.
- Uses humans as the unit of investigation.
- Differs from laboratory research, which typically focuses on smaller biological units.
Brainstorming
- A process for generating a long list of spontaneous ideas about possible research questions.
Concept Mapping
- A visual method for listing ideas and grouping them together to reveal relationships.
- A related process to brainstorming.
Conceptual Framework
- A model that researchers sketch using boxes and arrows to illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during a study.
EDP
- Stands for Exposure and Disease/Outcome in Population.
- Many topics in public health research can be expressed using this formula.
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)
- Uses the results of rigorous research studies to optimize clinical decision-making.
- Starts with a comprehensive literature search and evaluates the most relevant, high-quality reports.
- Key findings are summarized in practice guidelines.
- Enables skilled clinicians to integrate the best research into their assessments.
Evidence-Based Practice
- Used in various fields to encourage experienced professionals to integrate research into their decision-making processes.
Exposure
- A personal characteristic, behaviour, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition.
Falsifiable
- Able to be proven false.
Generalizability
- Ensures that findings can be applied to a wider population, beyond the specific group studied.
- Helps develop interventions, policies, and practices that can be implemented in diverse settings.
Case Report
- A detailed and descriptive account of a single individual's health condition, disease, symptoms, or treatment.
- Can be a comprehensive analysis of a unique or rare case.
- Often serves as an initial observation for potential new diseases or adverse effects of treatments.
Case Series
- A collection of case reports for a group of individuals who share similar characteristics or experiences.
Cross-Sectional Studies
- Also known as "Prevalence Studies."
- Observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time.
- Often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population.
- Can be analytical or descriptive in nature.
Cumulative Incidence (CI)
- Also known as "Incidence Proportion."
- The proportion of individuals who develop a particular disease within a specified time period.
- Provides an estimate of the risk of developing the disease in a population.
- Calculated by dividing the number of new cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specified period of time by the number of persons at risk of developing the disease during that period of time.
Descriptive Studies
- A type of research method that describes the distribution of a disease in a population and observes the basic features of its distribution in terms of time, place, and person.
- Example: descriptive or cross-sectional studies.
Ecologic Fallacy
- Occurs when inferences are made about individual-level relationships based solely on group-level data.
- Mistakenly assumes that an observed association at the population level applies to all individuals within that population.
Ecologic Studies
- Also known as "Correlational Studies."
- Measurements and analysis conducted on the population level.
Incidence Rate (IR)
- Also known as "Incidence Density."
- Calculated when different individuals are observed for different lengths of time.
- Calculated by dividing the cumulative incidence by the person-time.
Incidence
- The number of new cases (of disease) over a period of time.
Interventional Studies
- A type of research method that tests a hypothesis about the impact of an intervention on a clinical or health outcome.
- Example: clinical trials.
Qualitative Studies
- Relies on non-numerical data such as interviews, focus groups, and observations.
- Interpretive approaches and thematic analysis are commonly used.
- Example: observational study
Quantitative Studies
- A type of research method that involves data collection and analysis.
- Focuses on measurable variables and statistical analysis.
- Example: descriptive and analytical experiments.
Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys
- Sample different people from the same population at multiple time points.
- Each round of data collection involves a new set of participants, not the same individuals.
- Reveals population-level trends over time but does not track individual changes.
Representativeness
- The degree to which the participants in a study are similar to the source population from which they were drawn.
Secondary Data
- Refers to any dataset collected by any other person other than the one using it.
Secondary Studies
- Analyze existing data.
Sentinel Surveillance
- A type of surveillance that collects high-quality data from selected clinics/hospitals to monitor population-level health changes.
Surveillance
- The process of continually monitoring health events in a population so that emerging public health threats can be detected, and appropriate control measures can be implemented quickly.
- There are many different types of surveillance, such as: active, passive, syndromic, and sentinel surveillance.
Syndromic Surveillance
- A type of surveillance that tracks potential outbreaks based on symptom reports rather than confirmed diagnoses.
- Social media and other platforms can help detect population health trends.
Temporal Ambiguity
- This means the study challenges in determining whether the exposure occurs before the outcome.
- It limits the ability to infer a true causal relationship, leading to reverse causation.
Tentative Explanation
- An explanation without testing.
Tertiary Studies
- Review and synthesize literature.
Matching
- In a case-control study, it describes the process of recruiting one or more controls who are similar to each case, keeping in mind important demographic and clinical factors.
- There are three often-used options: no matching, frequency (group) matching, and matched-pairs (individual) matching.
No Matching
- Where matching does not occur.
Diagnostic Accuracy
- The percentage of individuals correctly classified by the test as true positives or true negatives, meaning the new test and the reference test give the same result.
- An ideal test has 100% accuracy.
Drug Trial
- An intervention with strict requirements on what is in the pill, with specific eligibility criteria for volunteers, as well as how often and for how long the pills are taken.
Embedded Qualitative Studies
- A mixed methods project in which some qualitative studies are integrated within a quantitative study.
Empiricism
- Guiding principle in quantitative studies which assumes the 5 senses (touch, smell, sight, hearing, and taste), are the best way to measure the truth about the world.
Epistemology
- The study of knowledge, which explains how researchers know what is real and true.
Equivalence Trial
- A trial in which the intervention is found to be equal to the comparison.
Ethnography
- Qualitative methodology that encompasses the systematic study of people and cultures in their natural environments that seeks to develop an insider’s view of how members of a sociocultural group understand their world, accomplished via data collection and immersion.
Exercise Study
- An intervention with clear steps for exercises, which increase in difficulty over time.
- There are criteria for who can participate, how those participants are guided and monitored, where the exercises happen and for how many months.
Experimental Studies
- Typically focus on testing the effectiveness of interventions.
- Include medical studies and public health studies.
Factorial Approach to RCT
- In which two or more intervention comparisons are carried out at the same time.
Grounded Theory
- Qualitative methodology that utilizes an inductive reasoning process that develops general theories to explain human behaviour or other phenomena via simultaneous data collection, analysis and theoretical sampling, until data saturation is reached.
Information Bias
- A type of bias in an epidemiological study that arises due to systematic error.
Intervention
- A strategic action intended to improve individual/population health status.
Medical Studies
- A type of experimental study that is designed to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent adverse health conditions.
- Key elements include research areas specified to the interest of the funder, descriptions of types of projects the selection committee will consider, and submission instructions.
Preproposal
- A brief research plan to confirm its alignment with the funder’s goals before inviting a full proposal.
Letter of Inquiry
- A researcher sends this letter to a funding organization to ask if their research idea aligns with the funder’s priorities and if there is alignment, the researcher may be invited to submit a full proposal.
Letter of Intent (LOI)
- A preliminary research plan expressing intent to submit a full proposal.
- Required weeks or months before the full proposal deadline, and it helps funding agencies prepare for proposal reviews.
Deliverable
- The product required to fulfill contract terms.
Unsolicited Proposal
- Is open to diverse eligible candidates and is submitted in response to an RFP.
Solicited Proposal
- Often leading to a contract rather than a grant, it is submitted by invitation of the funder.
Contract
- Research funding that requires delivering a specific product (like a commissioned report) and which final payment may depend on the submission of a satisfactory deliverable.
Budget
- Should be able to cover all essential costs without being excessive.
- Each budget line item may require an explanation of its necessity and a description of how the cost was determined.
- Types of costs include direct costs, allowable costs, and overhead/indirect costs.
Direct Costs
- Are specific monetary expenses associated with a research project.
- Examples include salaries and benefits, data collection expenses, dissemination activities, etc.
Allowable Costs
- Are expenses approved for a funded grant or contract.
Nonmonetary Resources
- These are beyond money and materials, such as individuals contributing their time, expertise, and connection.
- Examples: participants, data access, facility use, equipment availability.
No-Cost Extension
- This extends the grant closing date without providing additional funds and allows more time to spend allocated funds.
“Use It or Lose It” Policy
- Unspent funds are returned to the agency at the end of the grant period.
Closeout
- Verifies that all administrative actions and required work for the grant have been completed by the grantee.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz dives into the essentials of basic and clinical medical research. It covers the biological components relevant to health, the process of brainstorming for research questions, and the importance of concept mapping in understanding relationships within research. Test your knowledge on how these scientific methods contribute to healthcare advancements.