Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the functional relationship between the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra?
Which of the following best describes the functional relationship between the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra?
- They independently regulate upper motor neuron activity.
- They directly connect the cortex to the striatum
- They are derived from the telencephalon.
- They are functionally integrated with the telencephalon. (correct)
The lentiform nucleus is composed of which structures?
The lentiform nucleus is composed of which structures?
- Caudate nucleus and putamen
- Globus pallidus and caudate nucleus
- Substantia nigra and putamen
- Putamen and globus pallidus (correct)
What is the primary role of the pars compacta within the substantia nigra?
What is the primary role of the pars compacta within the substantia nigra?
- Producing dopamine (correct)
- Regulating muscle tone throughout the body
- Inhibiting thalamic activity
- Controlling ocular movement
The ansa lenticularis carries outflow from which basal ganglia structure?
The ansa lenticularis carries outflow from which basal ganglia structure?
What is the anatomical relationship of the external capsule?
What is the anatomical relationship of the external capsule?
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the excitatory input from the cortex to the striatum?
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the excitatory input from the cortex to the striatum?
What is the main cell type found within the striatum and its function?
What is the main cell type found within the striatum and its function?
The primary output of the basal ganglia is directed to which structure?
The primary output of the basal ganglia is directed to which structure?
Through the direct pathway, what is the effect of stimulating the cortex on movement?
Through the direct pathway, what is the effect of stimulating the cortex on movement?
Which neurotransmitter is released from the cortex to stimulate the striatum in the direct pathway?
Which neurotransmitter is released from the cortex to stimulate the striatum in the direct pathway?
What is the function of the basal ganglia in relation to upper motor neurons (UMN)?
What is the function of the basal ganglia in relation to upper motor neurons (UMN)?
The nucleus accumbens is associated with which function?
The nucleus accumbens is associated with which function?
What is the primary function of the pars reticularis?
What is the primary function of the pars reticularis?
What is the internal capsule located between?
What is the internal capsule located between?
In the direct pathway, what neurotransmitter does the striatum release to inhibit the GPi (globus pallidus internal)?
In the direct pathway, what neurotransmitter does the striatum release to inhibit the GPi (globus pallidus internal)?
What is the general effect of GABAergic neurons on their target cells?
What is the general effect of GABAergic neurons on their target cells?
Which sequence accurately describes the flow of information in the direct pathway?
Which sequence accurately describes the flow of information in the direct pathway?
Which of the following best describes the role of glutamate in the basal ganglia circuitry?
Which of the following best describes the role of glutamate in the basal ganglia circuitry?
What is the main function of the direct pathway?
What is the main function of the direct pathway?
If the pars compacta of the substantia nigra is damaged, which disorder is most likely to occur?
If the pars compacta of the substantia nigra is damaged, which disorder is most likely to occur?
Flashcards
Basal Ganglia Function
Basal Ganglia Function
Regulates upper motor neurons by either facilitating or suppressing movement.
Striatum
Striatum
Includes the caudate nucleus and putamen; receives input from the cortex.
Pallidum
Pallidum
Includes the globus pallidus (internal and external segments).
Lentiform Nucleus
Lentiform Nucleus
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Subthalamic Nucleus
Subthalamic Nucleus
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Substantia Nigra
Substantia Nigra
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Pars Compacta
Pars Compacta
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Pars Reticularis
Pars Reticularis
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Ansa/Lenticularis
Ansa/Lenticularis
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Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus Accumbens
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Claustrum
Claustrum
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External Capsule
External Capsule
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Input Pathway
Input Pathway
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Output Pathway
Output Pathway
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Main Striatum Cell Type
Main Striatum Cell Type
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Direct Pathway
Direct Pathway
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What part of the brain is associated with eye movement?
What part of the brain is associated with eye movement?
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Study Notes
- The basal ganglia regulate upper motor neurons by either facilitating or suppressing movement.
- Subthalamic neurons (diencephalic) and substantia nigra (mesencephalic) are functionally integrated with the telencephalic.
- Striatum equals caudate nucleus and putamen
- Pallidum equals globus pallidus (medial and lateral, internal and external).
- Lentiform nucleus equals putamen and globus pallidus.
- Subthalamic nucleus is located in the diencephalon
- Substantia nigra, located in the midbrain, consists of pars compacta and pars reticularis
- Internal capsule lies between the caudate nucleus and putamen
- Pars compacta is dopaminergic, which relates to Parkinson's Disease
- Pars reticularis is for ocular movement, relating to the frontal eye field
- Ansa/lenticularis is the outflow of globus pallidus
- Nucleus accumbens is the portion of basal ganglia associated with drug addiction
- Claustrum is part of the basal ganglia with an unknown function
- External capsule lies between the putamen and claustrum.
Input and Output
- Input comes from the cortex to the striatum (caudate and putamen)
- Input is excitatory via glutamate
- The main cell type of the striatum is the medium spiny neuron, an inhibitory neuron
- Output goes to GPi (globus pallidus internal) and substantia nigra (pars reticularis) towards the thalamus.
- Pars reticularis relates to the eyes
- GPi relates to every muscle in the body.
- Direct pathway facilitates and enhances movement
- Cortex to striatum to GPi + STN to VA/VL thalamus
- Glutamate (+) excites the cortex and inhibits the thalamus
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