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Questions and Answers
Which brain region would most likely be affected if a client presents with involuntary movements?
Which brain region would most likely be affected if a client presents with involuntary movements?
What is the key player in the reward pathway of the basal ganglia?
What is the key player in the reward pathway of the basal ganglia?
Which structure is involved in cognition and emotion in the basal ganglia?
Which structure is involved in cognition and emotion in the basal ganglia?
What is the function of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?
What is the function of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?
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What is the result of basal ganglia dysfunction in substance-related disorders?
What is the result of basal ganglia dysfunction in substance-related disorders?
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What is the primary function of the basal ganglia in motor control?
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia in motor control?
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Which structure is the only excitatory projection of the basal ganglia?
Which structure is the only excitatory projection of the basal ganglia?
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What is the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia?
What is the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia?
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What is the output portion of the basal ganglia?
What is the output portion of the basal ganglia?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter used in the basal ganglia inputs?
What is the primary neurotransmitter used in the basal ganglia inputs?
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Study Notes
Basal Ganglia
- Involved in the regulation and control of motor function, including involuntary movements
- A group of interconnected subcortical nuclei located within the cerebrum and in the brainstem
- Composed of caudate, putamen, globus pallidus interna and externa, substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulata, subthalamic nucleus, ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens, and striatal part of the olfactory tubercle
Reward Pathway
- Key player: dopamine
- Origin: nucleus accumbens
- Can become dysfunctional in substance-related disorders, leading to disrupted reward signaling and unhealthy compulsions
Output Nuclei
- Substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus interna
- Roles: sending signals to other brain regions
Indirect Pathway
- Parts: subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus externa
- Role: inhibiting movement
Functions of the Basal Ganglia
- Use of contextual information for the formation and execution of motor programs and other aspects of intelligent behavior
- Role in cognition and learning, behavior, motivation, and personality
Components of the Basal Ganglia
- Corpus striatum: processes information related to movement and reward
- Striatum: caudate and putamen
- Pallidum: globus pallidus externa and interna
- Substantia nigra: pars compacta and pars reticulata
- Subthalamic nucleus: small ovoid structure lying posterior and inferior to the globus pallidus and superior and rostral to the substantia nigra
- Ventral striatum and ventral pallidum: parts of the basal ganglia
Striatum
- Caudate and putamen: same histological structure throughout, connected by numerous gray bridges
- Input portion of the basal ganglia, receives inputs from the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and substantia nigra pars compacta
Globus Pallidus
- Two components: external segment (GPe) and internal segment (GPi)
- GPe: arises from the telencephalon, part of the indirect pathway
- GPi: arises from the developing diencephalic vesicle, part of the direct pathway, output portion of the basal ganglia
Subthalamic Nucleus
- Composed of a homogenous population of medium-sized glutamatergic projection neurons
- The only excitatory projections of the basal ganglia
Substantia Nigra
- Pars compacta (SNc): dorsal sheet of densely packed neurons, composed of medium-sized aspiny dopaminergic neurons, projects to the striatum and regulates the basal ganglia
- Pars reticulata (SNr): together with GPi, major output nuclei of the basal ganglia, composed of medium-sized GABAergic neurons
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Description
Test your knowledge of the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor function regulation. Learn about its structure and function, including the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Understand the role of the basal ganglia in involuntary movements and cognitive processes.
