29 Questions
Where are the basal ganglia located in the brain?
At the base of the cerebrum
Which of the following is NOT a component of the basal ganglia?
Subthalamic nucleus
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
Modulation of voluntary movements
What is the result of dysfunction in the basal ganglia?
Movement disorders
What is one of the functions of the basal ganglia in maintaining muscle tone?
Maintaining a balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs
What is the purpose of the basal ganglia's function in producing movements?
To maintain purposeful motor activity while suppressing unwanted movement
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia in relation to movement?
Monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions related to posture and support
Which structure sends inputs to the cortex as part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop?
Thalamus
What type of nucleus receives afferents from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra?
Input nucleus
What is the function of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?
To send efferents to the thalamus
Which of the following is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?
Generation of rapid, ballistic movements
What is the role of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in the basal ganglia circuitry?
To send efferents to the thalamus
What are the main outputs of basal ganglia?
Thalamus and brainstem
What is the function of the skeleto-motor loop?
Control of skeletal movement
Where does the oculomotor loop start in the cortex?
Frontal eye field
What is the function of the prefrontal loop?
Regulation of rational thinking
What is the role of dopamine in motor behavior?
Switching on and off motor behavior
Where is dopamine released by the substantia nigra pars compacta?
On the neurons that project to the external segment of globus pallidus
What do the intermediate nuclei in the relay of information include?
The subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus external, and substantia nigra pars compacta
What is the primary source of input to the basal ganglia?
The cerebral cortex and substantia nigra
What is the function of the globus pallidus and pars reticulata in the basal ganglia?
To project to the thalamus and brainstem
What is the role of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the basal ganglia?
To provide dopaminergic input to the striatum
What is the relationship between the globus pallidus and pars reticulata?
They are similar in function and structure
What is the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia?
To turn on the direct pathway and promote movement
What is the effect of lateral inhibition on movement?
It selects the movement by activating the direct pathway and suppresses other movements
What is the characteristic of hypokinetic movement disorders?
Slow or reduced movement
What is the result of a lack of dopamine in the basal ganglia?
Inability to initiate movement and change motor pattern
Which of the following is an example of hyperkinetic movement disorders?
Chorea
What is the effect of dopamine on the indirect pathway?
It turns off the indirect pathway
Test your knowledge of the basal ganglia, including their role in movement control, learning, planning, and emotional expression. Learn about the different nuclei and their functions, and how they interact to regulate movement and cognition.
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