Barbiturates and Anesthesia

Which barbiturate revolutionized the practice of anesthesia in 1934?

Why do we still include a discussion of barbiturate pharmacology in this chapter?

Why have overseas manufacturers ceased exporting barbiturates to the United States?

Which position substitution on barbituric acid increases the anticonvulsant potency?

Which substitution on barbituric acid results in thiobarbiturates?

Which substitution on barbituric acid increases hypnotic potency but lowers the seizure threshold and causes myoclonus during induction?

Which receptors do barbiturates act on, in addition to GABAA receptors?

Which subunits of GABAA receptors are responsible for the immobilizing activity of pentobarbital?

How do barbiturates increase the duration of the GABAA-activated opening of chloride channels?

Which organ is primarily responsible for the elimination of thiopental from the body?

What is the main reason for the rapid onset and awakening after a single IV dose of thiopental?

What happens to the plasma concentration of thiopental after discontinuation of a prolonged infusion?

Which organ is primarily responsible for the metabolism of thiopental?

What is the basis for the short action of most highly lipophilic drugs, including thiopental?

Why is recovery after large or repeated doses of thiopental more rapid for infants and children compared to adults?

Which class of drugs has replaced barbiturates for preanesthetic medication?

What is the advantage of using benzodiazepines over barbiturates for treatment of grand mal seizures?

In what situation has rectal administration of barbiturates, specifically methohexital, been used to induce anesthesia?

Which drug has replaced barbiturates for induction of anesthesia in most cases?

What is the principal disadvantage of methohexital?

Which drug produces less nausea and faster recovery milestones compared to barbiturates?

Which barbiturate has the highest potency for IV induction of anesthesia?

At a blood pH of 7.4, which barbiturate has a higher percentage of nonionized form?

Which barbiturate is effective in inducing seizure activity in patients with psychomotor epilepsy undergoing temporal lobe resection?

Which barbiturate is the only one with pharmacodynamic effects different enough from thiopental and thiamylal to offer an alternative for IV induction of anesthesia?

At a blood pH of 7.4, which barbiturate has a higher percentage of nonionized form?

What is one advantage of using methohexital over thiopental for IV induction?

What is the effect of thiopental dose requirements with age?

How does the dose of thiopental needed to produce anesthesia in early pregnancy compare to that for nonpregnant females?

In what situation has methohexital been used to induce anesthesia?

Which barbiturate has the highest potency for IV induction of anesthesia?

Which drug has replaced barbiturates for induction of anesthesia in most cases?

What is the principal disadvantage of methohexital?

Why is recovery after large or repeated doses of thiopental more rapid for infants and children compared to adults?

What is the main reason for the rapid onset and awakening after a single IV dose of thiopental?

What happens to the plasma concentration of thiopental after discontinuation of a prolonged infusion?

Which class of drugs has replaced barbiturates for preanesthetic medication?

Which drug produces less nausea and faster recovery milestones compared to barbiturates?

What is the advantage of using benzodiazepines over barbiturates for treatment of grand mal seizures?

Which drug can be administered to decrease refractory increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

How do barbiturates decrease intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Which barbiturate is commonly used for induction of anesthesia in patients with increased ICP?

What is the effect of barbiturates on cerebral metabolism?

What is a potential disadvantage of barbiturate therapy for head trauma patients?

What is the efficacy of barbiturate therapy for brain survival after global cerebral ischemia due to cardiac arrest?

In what situation has barbiturate therapy been used to improve neuropsychiatric complications after cardiopulmonary bypass?

In what type of cerebral ischemia do animal studies consistently show improved outcome with barbiturate therapy?

What is the effect of barbiturates on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2)?

What is the main advantage of using barbiturates for treatment of incomplete (focal) cerebral ischemia?

Which of the following is a common side effect of barbiturates on the cardiovascular system?

What is the compensatory response to the decrease in blood pressure caused by thiopental?

Which part of the central nervous system is primarily affected by barbiturates, leading to the decrease in blood pressure?

Which part of the central nervous system is primarily affected by barbiturates, leading to the decrease in blood pressure?

What happens to the sensitivity of the medullary ventilatory center to carbon dioxide stimulation in the presence of thiopental?

When are laryngeal reflexes and the cough reflex depressed after administration of barbiturates?

Which type of evoked responses does thiopental affect?

Is thiopental an acceptable drug to administer when the ability to monitor somatosensory evoked potentials is desirable?

What is the effect of thiopental on brainstem auditory evoked responses?

Which substances may have accelerated metabolism due to barbiturate-induced enzyme induction?

What is the immediate effect of inadvertent intra-arterial injection of thiopental?

What is the most likely cause of allergic reactions associated with IV administration of barbiturates for induction of anesthesia?