18 Questions
Bar chart is used to represent data of ______ variable on vertical or horizontal bars.
discrete
Histogram is used to represent ______ variables with class boundaries on the horizontal axis and frequencies on the vertical axis.
continuous
A histogram with one peak is called a ______ histogram.
unimodal
A symmetric histogram is characterized by being divided into two identical sections with respect to a column in the ______ of its base.
middle
The polygon connects the points (xi, ) where xi are midpoints and ______ are the frequency of class boundaries.
frequency
The mode is the value in a dataset that has the ______ frequency.
highest
A ______ is a subset of the population.
sample
Inferential statistics are methods used for drawing conclusions about the entire ______.
population
Variables are a function on the population or a ______ that varies from one individual to another.
sample
The frequency distribution table is a table used with ______ quantitative data only.
continuous
A ______ is a set of all things that have one common characteristic to study a specific problem.
population
Percentiles: divide the ordered values into 100 equal parts. Deciles: divide the ordered values into 10 equal parts. Quartiles: divide the ordered data into 4 equal parts. Box plot: Graphical representation of its five numbers. Pearson coefficient of skewness: It is a measure of the asymmetry of the distribution of data. ________: Any an arrangement of r distinct objects from a set of n different objects called permutations.
Permutations
The ______ is a simple way to represent the proportion on a circular disk.
pie chart
________: Any an unordered group of r distinct objects from a set of n different objects. Regular experiment: which we know the results of it in advance. Random experiment: which we don't know its exact outcome in advance, but we can determine the set of all its possible results only. Probability science: is a branch of math that deals with theoretical math models of random experiments.
Combinations
The probability space is a triple have the form {Ω, , P}. Space of elementary events: (Ω) the set of all possible results of this random experiment. Discrete space: if (Ω) is finite or countable infinite. Continuous space: if (Ω) is uncountable numbers. Simple event: if (A) contains only one elementary event. ________: if (A) contains at least two elementary events.
Compound event
Impossible event: (ф) (A ∩ Ᾱ ) event can’t occur is an impossible event. Mutually exclusive events: We can say A and B are mutually if: A and B cannot occur at the same time, or A and B have no elementary common. Probability: is a numerical measure of the likelihood that a specific event will occur. ________: is a measure of the asymmetry of the distribution of data.
Pearson
________: divide the ordered data into 4 equal parts. Box plot: Graphical representation of its five numbers. Pearson coefficient of skewness: It is a measure of the asymmetry of the distribution of data. Permutations: Any an arrangement of r distinct objects from a set of n different objects called permutations. Combinations: Any an unordered group of r distinct objects from a set of n different objects.
Quartiles
Regular experiment: which we know the results of it in advance. Random experiment: which we don't know its exact outcome in advance, but we can determine the set of all its possible results only. Probability science: is a branch of math that deals with theoretical math models of random experiments. The probability space is a triple have the form {Ω, , P}. ________: the set of all possible results of this random experiment.
Space of elementary events
Study Notes
Data Visualization
- A bar chart represents data of discrete variables on vertical or horizontal bars.
- Types of bar charts:
- Two-direction bar chart: represents both positive and negative values of different classes.
- Multiple bar chart: represents multiple variables by bars side by side.
- Component or stacked bar chart: represents each component by a section in the bar.
Histogram
- A histogram represents continuous variables, with class boundaries marked on the horizontal axis and frequencies marked on the vertical axis.
- Types of histograms:
- Symmetric histogram: divided into two identical sections with respect to a column on the middle of its base.
- Skewed histogram: non-symmetric, with types including right-skewed and left-skewed.
Polygon
- A polygon connects points with straight lines, representing continuous variables.
- Types of polygons:
- ACFP ( Accumulative Cumulative Frequency Polygon): connects points with upper bound and ACF.
- DCFP (Defective Cumulative Frequency Polygon): connects points with lower bound and DCF.
Measures of Central Tendency
- Median: the value that divides the data into two halves after ordering.
- Mode: the value with the highest frequency.
Statistics
- Data: information collected by experiments or observations.
- Statistics: a branch of science that deals with the collection and analysis of data.
- Types of statistics:
- Descriptive statistics: methods used for presenting data in tables or graphs.
- Inferential statistics: methods used for drawing conclusions about the entire population.
Population and Sample
- Population: a set of all things having one common characteristic to study a specific problem.
- Sample: a subset of the population.
- Parameter: a certain quantity or quality for describing a characteristic for the entire population.
- Statistic: a certain quantity or quality for describing a characteristic for the entire sample.
Variables
- Variable: a function on the population or a sample that varies from one individual to another.
- Types of variables:
- Qualitative variables: take non-numeric values or numeric values that indicate an attribute.
- Quantitative variables: take numerical values that can be used for mathematical operations.
- Discrete variables: take finite or infinite countable numbers.
- Continuous variables: take uncountable numbers.
Data Summary
- Raw data: a set of data without organization.
- Frequency distribution table: a table used for continuous quantitative data only.
- Pie chart: a simple way to represent proportions on a circular disk.
- Percentiles: divide the ordered values into 100 equal parts.
- Deciles: divide the ordered values into 10 equal parts.
- Quartiles: divide the ordered data into 4 equal parts.
- Box plot: a graphical representation of five numbers.
Probability
- Probability science: a branch of math that deals with theoretical math models of random experiments.
- Probability space: a triple {Ω, , P} with space of elementary events Ω.
- Types of probability spaces:
- Discrete space: if Ω is finite or countable infinite.
- Continuous space: if Ω is uncountable numbers.
- Simple event: an event containing only one elementary event.
- Compound event: an event containing at least two elementary events.
- Impossible event: an event that cannot occur.
- Mutually exclusive events: events that cannot occur at the same time.
- Probability: a numerical measure of the likelihood that a specific event will occur.
Test your knowledge on bar charts and histograms, including two-direction bar charts, multiple bar charts, component or stacked bar charts, and histograms representing continuous variables. Learn about representing data of discrete and continuous variables using vertical or horizontal bars.
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