Balkan and Italian Nationalism in the 19th Century

Emerged in the 19th century as a response to Ottoman rule and Habsburg dominance
Key factors:
- Growing sense of national identity and self-determination
- Economic and social changes (e.g., industrialization, urbanization)
- Influence of European nationalist movements (e.g., Italian and German unification)
Notable events:
- Serbian Revolution (1804-1835)
- Greek War of Independence (1821-1832)
- Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

Process of unification led by Victor Emmanuel II, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi
Key events:
- Revolutions of 1848
- Formation of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1848)
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
- Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (1861)
Factors contributing to unification:
- Economic and cultural ties between Italian states
- Nationalist sentiment and desire for independence
- Diplomatic and military support from European powers (e.g., France)

Process of unification led by Otto von Bismarck and Prussia
Key events:
- Revolutions of 1848
- Formation of the North German Confederation (1867)
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
- Proclamation of the German Empire (1871)
Factors contributing to unification:
- Economic and cultural ties between German states
- Nationalist sentiment and desire for independence
- Diplomatic and military support from European powers (e.g., Russia)

Decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century
Key factors:
- Internal decay and corruption
- External pressures (e.g., European imperialism, nationalism)
- Weakness in military and economy
Notable events:
- Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)
- Balkan Wars (1912-1913)
- World War I (1914-1918)

Imperialism: expansion and domination of one country over another
Nationalism: emphasis on national identity, self-determination, and independence
Key conflicts:
- Imperialist powers (e.g., Britain, France) vs nationalist movements (e.g., Italian, German)
- Clash between imperialist and nationalist ideologies
- Impact on global politics and international relations

Emerged in 19th century as a response to Ottoman rule and Habsburg dominance
Characterized by growing sense of national identity and self-determination, economic and social changes, and influence of European nationalist movements
Serbian Revolution (1804-1835) and Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) were key events in this period
Balkan Wars (1912-1913) marked a significant turning point in the region's history

Led by Victor Emmanuel II, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi
Revolutions of 1848 sparked the unification process, which was furthered by the formation of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1848)
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (1861) were key events
Economic and cultural ties between Italian states, nationalist sentiment, and diplomatic support from European powers contributed to unification

Led by Otto von Bismarck and Prussia
Revolutions of 1848 and the formation of the North German Confederation (1867) were key events
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) led to the Proclamation of the German Empire (1871)
Economic and cultural ties between German states, nationalist sentiment, and diplomatic support from European powers contributed to unification

Characterized by internal decay and corruption, external pressures, and weakness in military and economy
Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876) aimed to modernize the empire, but ultimately failed to stem the decline
Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and World War I (1914-1918) marked the downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Imperialism: expansion and domination of one country over another, often driven by economic and strategic interests
Nationalism: emphasis on national identity, self-determination, and independence, often driven by emotional and cultural appeals
The two ideologies clashed in the 19th century, with imperialist powers like Britain and France facing opposition from nationalist movements like the Italian and German unification movements
This conflict shaped global politics and international relations

8 Questions