Balkan Nationalism in the 19th Century

Balkan Nationalism

• Emerged in the 19th century as a response to Ottoman and Habsburg rule
• Focused on creating independent nation-states based on ethnic and linguistic identity
• Key figures:
  • Serbian nationalist Ilija Garašanin's "Nacertanije" (1844) outlined a plan for a unified Serbian state
  • Croatian nationalist Ante Starčević advocated for a Croatian state
• Nationalist movements led to the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the eventual breakup of Yugoslavia

Nation-state Formation

• Process of creating a unified nation-state through the consolidation of power and identity
• Key factors:
  • Language and culture: development of a shared language and cultural identity
  • Territory: control over a defined territory
  • Sovereignty: recognition of independence by other nations
  • Institutions: establishment of national institutions, such as government and education systems
• Examples:
  • Germany: unification under Otto von Bismarck (1866-1871)
  • Italy: unification under Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo Benso di Cavour (1859-1861)

Nationalism in UK

• Emerged in the 18th century with the rise of British nationalism
• Key factors:
  • Imperialism: expansion of the British Empire and the idea of British superiority
  • Protestantism: the Protestant Reformation and the Church of England
  • Monarchy: the role of the British monarchy in symbolizing national identity
• Nationalist movements:
  • Scottish nationalism: advocated for Scottish independence and self-governance
  • Welsh nationalism: sought to promote Welsh language and culture
  • Irish nationalism: fought for independence from British rule, culminating in the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)

Nationalism in France

• Emerged during the French Revolution (1789-1799) with the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity
• Key factors:
  • Republicanism: the establishment of a republic and the rejection of monarchy
  • Laïcité: the separation of church and state and the promotion of secularism
  • Language and culture: the promotion of French language and culture
• Nationalist movements:
  • Boulangism: a right-wing nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century
  • Gaullism: a nationalist movement that emerged during World War II, led by Charles de Gaulle

Balkan Nationalism

• Emerged in the 19th century as a response to foreign rule, particularly Ottoman and Habsburg rule
• Focused on creating independent nation-states based on ethnic and linguistic identity
• Key figures:
  • Ilija Garašanin, a Serbian nationalist who outlined a plan for a unified Serbian state in "Nacertanije" (1844)
  • Ante Starčević, a Croatian nationalist who advocated for a Croatian state
• Led to the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the eventual breakup of Yugoslavia

Nation-state Formation

• Process of creating a unified nation-state through the consolidation of power and identity
• Key factors:
  • Language and culture: development of a shared language and cultural identity
  • Territory: control over a defined territory
  • Sovereignty: recognition of independence by other nations
  • Institutions: establishment of national institutions, such as government and education systems
• Examples:
  • Germany: unified under Otto von Bismarck (1866-1871)
  • Italy: unified under Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo Benso di Cavour (1859-1861)

Nationalism in UK

• Emerged in the 18th century with the rise of British nationalism
• Key factors:
  • Imperialism: expansion of the British Empire and the idea of British superiority
  • Protestantism: the Protestant Reformation and the Church of England
  • Monarchy: the role of the British monarchy in symbolizing national identity
• Nationalist movements:
  • Scottish nationalism: advocated for Scottish independence and self-governance
  • Welsh nationalism: sought to promote Welsh language and culture
  • Irish nationalism: fought for independence from British rule, culminating in the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)

Nationalism in France

• Emerged during the French Revolution (1789-1799) with the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity
• Key factors:
  • Republicanism: the establishment of a republic and the rejection of monarchy
  • Laïcité: the separation of church and state and the promotion of secularism
  • Language and culture: the promotion of French language and culture
• Nationalist movements:
  • Boulangism: a right-wing nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century
  • Gaullism: a nationalist movement that emerged during World War II, led by Charles de Gaulle

Balkan Nationalism

• Emerged in 19th century as response to Ottoman rule
• Characterized by strong sense of ethnic and linguistic identity
• Influenced by Giuseppe Mazzini's Italian nationalism
• Josip Juraj Strossmayer promoted unity among South Slavs
• Serbia sought independence from Ottoman rule and unity with other South Slavs
• Croatia sought independence from Austro-Hungarian rule and unity with other South Slavs
• Bulgaria sought independence from Ottoman rule and expansion of territory
• Led to Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and World War I

Nation-state Formation

• Process of creating sovereign state based on shared national identity
• Territorial boundaries defined by national identity
• Single, dominant national identity
• State institutions reflect national identity
• Germany unified under Prussian leadership in 1871
• Italy unified under Piedmontese leadership in 1861
• Greece gained independence from Ottoman rule and formed Greek state in 1832

Nationalism in the UK

• Emerged in 18th century with rise of British nationalism
• Emphasized British identity and imperial power
• Celebrated British culture and history
• Walter Scott promoted British identity through literature
• Rudyard Kipling celebrated British imperialism
• Scottish nationalism sought greater autonomy or independence from British rule
• Welsh nationalism sought greater autonomy or independence from British rule

Nationalism in France

• Emerged in late 18th century with French Revolution
• Emphasized French identity and republican values
• Celebrated French culture and history
• Maximilien Robespierre promoted French identity during Revolution
• Charles de Gaulle promoted French grandeur
• French Resistance sought to liberate France from German occupation in World War II
• Poujadism promoted French identity and resisted American cultural influence

Learn about the emergence of Balkan nationalism in the 19th century, its key figures, and its impact on the region. Discover how nationalist movements led to the Balkan Wars and the eventual breakup of Yugoslavia.