Balkan Nationalism in the 19th Century

Emerged in the 19th century as a response to Ottoman and Habsburg rule
Focused on creating independent nation-states based on ethnic and linguistic identity
Key figures:
- Serbian nationalist Ilija Garašanin's "Nacertanije" (1844) outlined a plan for a unified Serbian state
- Croatian nationalist Ante Starčević advocated for a Croatian state
Nationalist movements led to the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the eventual breakup of Yugoslavia

Process of creating a unified nation-state through the consolidation of power and identity
Key factors:
- Language and culture: development of a shared language and cultural identity
- Territory: control over a defined territory
- Sovereignty: recognition of independence by other nations
- Institutions: establishment of national institutions, such as government and education systems
Examples:
- Germany: unification under Otto von Bismarck (1866-1871)
- Italy: unification under Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo Benso di Cavour (1859-1861)

Emerged in the 18th century with the rise of British nationalism
Key factors:
- Imperialism: expansion of the British Empire and the idea of British superiority
- Protestantism: the Protestant Reformation and the Church of England
- Monarchy: the role of the British monarchy in symbolizing national identity
Nationalist movements:
- Scottish nationalism: advocated for Scottish independence and self-governance
- Welsh nationalism: sought to promote Welsh language and culture
- Irish nationalism: fought for independence from British rule, culminating in the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)

Emerged during the French Revolution (1789-1799) with the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity
Key factors:
- Republicanism: the establishment of a republic and the rejection of monarchy
- Laïcité: the separation of church and state and the promotion of secularism
- Language and culture: the promotion of French language and culture
Nationalist movements:
- Boulangism: a right-wing nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century
- Gaullism: a nationalist movement that emerged during World War II, led by Charles de Gaulle

Emerged in the 19th century as a response to foreign rule, particularly Ottoman and Habsburg rule
Focused on creating independent nation-states based on ethnic and linguistic identity
Key figures:
- Ilija Garašanin, a Serbian nationalist who outlined a plan for a unified Serbian state in "Nacertanije" (1844)
- Ante Starčević, a Croatian nationalist who advocated for a Croatian state
Led to the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the eventual breakup of Yugoslavia

Process of creating a unified nation-state through the consolidation of power and identity
Key factors:
- Language and culture: development of a shared language and cultural identity
- Territory: control over a defined territory
- Sovereignty: recognition of independence by other nations
- Institutions: establishment of national institutions, such as government and education systems
Examples:
- Germany: unified under Otto von Bismarck (1866-1871)
- Italy: unified under Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo Benso di Cavour (1859-1861)

Emerged in the 18th century with the rise of British nationalism
Key factors:
- Imperialism: expansion of the British Empire and the idea of British superiority
- Protestantism: the Protestant Reformation and the Church of England
- Monarchy: the role of the British monarchy in symbolizing national identity
Nationalist movements:
- Scottish nationalism: advocated for Scottish independence and self-governance
- Welsh nationalism: sought to promote Welsh language and culture
- Irish nationalism: fought for independence from British rule, culminating in the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)

Emerged during the French Revolution (1789-1799) with the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity
Key factors:
- Republicanism: the establishment of a republic and the rejection of monarchy
- Laïcité: the separation of church and state and the promotion of secularism
- Language and culture: the promotion of French language and culture
Nationalist movements:
- Boulangism: a right-wing nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century
- Gaullism: a nationalist movement that emerged during World War II, led by Charles de Gaulle

Emerged in 19th century as response to Ottoman rule
Characterized by strong sense of ethnic and linguistic identity
Influenced by Giuseppe Mazzini's Italian nationalism
Josip Juraj Strossmayer promoted unity among South Slavs
Serbia sought independence from Ottoman rule and unity with other South Slavs
Croatia sought independence from Austro-Hungarian rule and unity with other South Slavs
Bulgaria sought independence from Ottoman rule and expansion of territory
Led to Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and World War I

Emerged in late 18th century with French Revolution
Emphasized French identity and republican values
Celebrated French culture and history
Maximilien Robespierre promoted French identity during Revolution
Charles de Gaulle promoted French grandeur
French Resistance sought to liberate France from German occupation in World War II
Poujadism promoted French identity and resisted American cultural influence