89 Questions
What is one of the arguments in favor of using evidence-based practice over relying solely on clinical experience?
Avoiding false attribution
Which factor is NOT mentioned as an argument against practitioners using only proven effective modalities or treatments?
Enhancing naturopathic philosophy
What is a benefit of evidence-based practice for improving clinical care?
Improving resource efficiency
Which aspect is NOT cited as an argument in favor of combining clinical experience with Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)?
Challenging the role of naturopathic philosophy
What is one challenge mentioned in the text regarding the application of empirical means to study complex clinical situations?
Difficulty in studying complex interventions
Which factor is not highlighted as a benefit of evidence-based practice over reliance on clinical experience alone?
Promotion of individualized care
Which of the following is an example of positive correlation?
Taller people tend to be heavier
What is a common reason why associations may appear causal?
Confounding
Which of the following is an example of confounding factors in a relationship?
People with depression eating a lower quality diet
What does selection bias refer to in research studies?
Systematic differences between groups due to inadequate randomization
In terms of causation, what does reverse causality suggest?
Days with more ice cream sales lead to more drowning
Why is it generally very difficult to prove a causal relationship?
Due to reverse causality
What term describes the situation where heavy smokers are more likely to consume more alcohol, potentially influencing the relationship between smoking and lung cancer risk?
Confounding
Which concept implies that the association between smoking and lung cancer risk can be reversed if people quit smoking?
Reversibility
How do several studies conducted at different times and settings contribute to strengthening the relationship between smoking and lung cancer risk?
Consistency
Which concept refers to the idea that if a relationship between cause and effect aligns with our understanding of disease mechanisms, it strengthens the evidence for causation?
Biological plausibility
What term describes the principle that one cause should lead to one specific effect, highlighting a clear relationship between the two?
Specificity
Which concept involves the idea that if a known virus can cause a specific disease, it might make it easier to accept the possibility of another virus causing a similar type of disease?
Analogy
What is a potential challenge when applying randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology to non-pill interventions?
Difficulty in ensuring blinding
Which tool is commonly used in systematic reviews to assess the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials?
Jadad scale
In the Jadad scale for reporting randomized controlled trials, how many points are allocated for blinding?
2 points
What is a major advantage of cross-over intervention studies?
Minimizes confounders as every participant acts as their own control
In which type of intervention study do participants get to choose between different treatment arms?
Preference study
What design would be most appropriate for studying the impact of a maternal diet deficient in B12 on fetal brain development?
Observational study
In which type of study is the exposure assessed at one time point along with the outcome?
Cross-sectional study
Which study design involves looking at exposure after the outcome has occurred?
Case-control study
Which study design is efficient for rare outcomes but may suffer from recall bias?
Case-control study
Which study design assesses whether prior exposure differs between diseased and non-diseased individuals?
Case-control study
What is a limitation of cohort studies compared to case-control studies?
Time-consuming and inefficient for rare outcomes
Which study design involves asking participants about their past exposure and comparing it between groups?
Case-control study
What term describes the situation where heavy smokers are more likely to consume more alcohol, potentially influencing the relationship between smoking and lung cancer risk?
Confounding
Which concept implies that the association between smoking and lung cancer risk can be reversed if people quit smoking?
Reversibility
What term describes the principle that one cause should lead to one specific effect, highlighting a clear relationship between the two?
Specificity
What does the term 'analogy' refer to in evaluating cause and effect relationships?
Strengthening the relationship if causes are similar
Which aspect is strengthened if the relationship between cause and effect aligns with our understanding of disease mechanisms?
Biological plausibility
In the context of evaluating cause and effect relationships, what does 'consistency' refer to?
Multiple studies reaching the same conclusion
What is the term for the blinding of both the person delivering the intervention and the person assessing the outcome?
Triple blind
Which factor is often excluded from clinical trials due to its potential to influence outcomes?
Pregnancy status
In terms of generalizability in clinical trials, what aspect helps determine if the participants are similar enough to the broader population?
Ethnicity
What is a key factor that can influence the sample in a study based on recruitment methods?
Newspaper ad
Why is reporting power calculation important in research studies?
To determine sample size adequacy
Which characteristic of a study's results section indicates a potential issue with bias?
Presence of missing data
What does the unadjusted analysis reveal about the association between industry funding and the statistical significance of results in medical and surgical trials?
Industry funding is significantly associated with pro-industry results in both medical and surgical trials.
How does the adjusted analysis affect the association between industry funding and the statistical significance of results in medical and surgical trials?
The association remains significant after adjustment, across both medical and surgical trials.
In the study discussed, which type of trial showed the highest odds ratio for favoring a pro-industry result?
Surgical trials
What does the interpretation of the study suggest about industry-funded trials compared to non-industry funded trials?
Industry-funded trials are more likely to be associated with statistically significant pro-industry findings.
What does the correlation mentioned in the text primarily measure?
"It measures the strength of the relationship between variables."
What is a key limitation of observational studies?
Absence of random assignment to exposure groups
Which aspect is NOT a limitation of cross-sectional studies?
Investigation of causation
Why can observational studies struggle to establish causation?
They lack random assignment to exposure groups
What is a concern regarding case reports and case series?
Limited generalizability
Which study design is efficient for rare outcomes but may suffer from recall bias?
Case-control studies
What is a characteristic of an N OF 1 STUDY?
Multiple crossover comparisons in individuals
What is the main challenge when assessing the quality of non-pill interventions in clinical trials?
Lack of blinding
In the JADAD SCALE for assessing clinical trials, how many points are allocated for dropouts?
1
Which specific reporting standards are mentioned for Herbal Medicine in the context of clinical trials?
REDHOT
What is the primary advantage of cross-over intervention studies?
Minimize confounders
In the context of intervention studies, what does a 'Pre/Post' design primarily involve?
Assessment of changes before and after intervention
When selecting a study design to investigate the impact of a maternal diet deficient in B12 on fetal brain development, what design feature is crucial to consider?
Treatment time
What is the relationship between ice cream sales and drowning cases an example of?
Reverse causality
Which type of bias refers to systematic differences between groups due to inadequate randomization?
Selection bias
What may make associations appear causal due to ever-present randomness?
Chance
What is a key factor that can impact any kind of research study by influencing conclusions or distorting comparisons?
Bias
What concept refers to a relationship where one variable causes the occurrence of another?
Causation
Which term describes anything that systematically influences conclusions or distorts comparisons in research studies?
Bias
What is the primary method for assessing reporting bias compliance mentioned in the text?
Phone calls
In the context of withdrawals in research studies, which technique involves analyzing only those who completed the intervention in the intervention group?
Per-protocol analysis
Which factor can impact who drops out of a study other than the systematic factor mentioned in the text?
Side effects
For minimizing bias from dropouts, which analysis method involves analyzing everyone in the randomized group, regardless of completion status?
Intention to treat analysis
What does a cautious approach to minimizing bias from dropouts tend to result in according to the text?
Under-estimation of effect
In the context of RCT limitations mentioned as difficult, what factor poses challenges to RCTs?
Withdrawal rates
What is a potential drawback of relying solely on evidence-based practice in clinical decision-making?
Lack of professional judgment and creativity
Why is critical appraisal of research essential according to the text?
To properly apply research findings
What common issue is associated with the presentation of research findings in the media?
Attention-seeking rather than factual accuracy
In the context of industry funding, what association was found with pro-industry results in medical and surgical trials?
Pro-industry results were more likely with industry funding
What is a potential impact of bias on research conclusions according to the text?
Distorted presentation affecting conclusions
Why might excitement-generating headlines pose challenges in interpreting research findings?
They focus on generating interest rather than accuracy
What is a key limitation of individualized N OF 1 trials?
Cannot be conducted for curable conditions
In the context of preclinical studies, what is the primary purpose of in vitro research?
Studying cell lines and organs outside the body
What is a major concern raised in preclinical studies regarding external validity?
Limited ability to study mechanisms of action
What is a significant ethical consideration highlighted in the text regarding N OF 1 trials?
The need for ethical approval
What aspect is emphasized as a strength of preclinical studies in terms of future research?
Investigation of possible adverse events
Which characteristic distinguishes an N OF 1 study from traditional clinical trials?
Consistent population characteristics throughout the study
What is the primary purpose of meta-analyses in the context of systematic reviews?
To statistically combine the results of multiple studies
Why is publication bias considered a limitation of systematic reviews?
It may lead to inaccurate conclusions due to missing studies
One key aspect that determines the strength of a systematic review is:
The comprehensiveness of the search conducted
In the context of systematic reviews, what does 'capturing the big picture of evidence' typically involve?
Identifying and analyzing all available studies on a topic
What does it mean for a systematic review to have 'explicit and rigorous methods'?
Methods used are clearly defined and well-structured
'Whole Practice Research' aims to assess if the results of RCTs apply to what specific context?
Real clinical practice of naturopathic medicine
Explore the arguments for avoiding or decreasing biases from clinical experience alone and the benefits of incorporating evidence-based practice. Learn about the importance of utilizing literature, credible sources, and efficient resources for improved clinical care. Referencing Shaughnessy et al.'s 'Clinical Jazz' and Ooi SL et al.'s work on implementing evidence-based practice.
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