Balance and Gait Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of assessing functional skills in patients with balance disorders?

  • To diagnose the patient's fall risk in extreme weather conditions
  • To evaluate the movement quality
  • To assess the patient's ability to perform high-level athletic activities
  • To identify underlying motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments (correct)

    • Which of the following tests is commonly used to assess balance ability in patients?

  • Gaithersburg Diagnostic Test
  • Balance Ability Self-Assessment (correct)
  • Washington Balance Scale
  • Romberg Test

    • What is the primary focus of the Berg Balance Test?

  • Measuring muscle strength in elderly patients
  • Evaluating cognitive function in patients with dementia
  • Determining visual acuity in patients with eye problems
  • Assessing balance in neurological patients (correct)

    • What is the interpretation of a score between 21-40 on the Berg Balance Test?

    <p>Medium fall risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of motor strategies in evaluating equilibrium?

    <p>Alignment and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Romberg Test?

    <p>To measure sensory organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of visual strategies in evaluating equilibrium?

    <p>Ability to organize and select sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of gait assessment in patients with balance disorders?

    <p>Neuromuscular and musculoskeletal coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of assessing gait in patients with balance disorders?

    <p>To identify problems with mobility management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale?

    <p>To measure balance ability in daily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of a functional assessment tool in gait analysis?

    <p>To achieve the greatest possible patient functional independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three aspects that a functional test must take into account?

    <p>Functional skills, motor and sensory strategies, and sensory deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal speed of an adult on flat ground?

    <p>82 m/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tool used for monitorizing?

    <p>Hoffer Functional Ambulation Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA)?

    <p>To evaluate the patient's gait strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of traditional scales used in gait assessment?

    <p>They do not provide information about the way the activity occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur when an individual factor is altered?

    <p>The correlated systems will try to compensate the deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire?

    <p>To evaluate the patient's functional skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may a physical therapist need to adopt a flexible position?

    <p>To evaluate and interpret posture, balance, and gait in each patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scales are required for community living?

    <p>Scales that cover a wider range of gait abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of balance in the human body?

    <p>To maintain a proper body alignment according to the physical environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major afferent systems involved in balance?

    <p>Visual, Vestibular, Somatosensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cerebellum in balance?

    <p>To integrate sensory and motor information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between static and dynamic balance?

    <p>Static balance is about body segment alignment, while dynamic balance is about speed and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct way to cause balance disorders?

    <p>Injury to the major afferent systems and integrative system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of functional assessment tools in balance assessment?

    <p>To define deficits and establish a treatment plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three aspects that a functional test must take into account in balance assessment?

    <p>Functional skills, motor and sensory strategies, and cognitive deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mandatory to preserve the patient's integrity during balance assessment?

    <p>To prevent falls and injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many tests should be used in balance assessment to provide comprehensive information?

    <p>At least two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of deafferentation on balance?

    <p>Injury to the major afferent systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Balance Assessment

    • Balance is the ability to maintain positions and move, adapting to intrinsic and extrinsic changes in posture under the influence of gravity.
    • The three major afferent systems that contribute to balance are:
      • Visual
      • Vestibular
      • Somatosensory
    • Stability involves processing afferent and efferent information, resisting and anticipating disturbances, and maintaining a stable static position while allowing movement.

    Balance Disorders

    • Direct way: injury to major afferent systems and integrative system (e.g., deafferentation, damage to sensors or nerves, alteration of CNS).
    • Indirect way: impairment of nerve signal transduction (e.g., bony-joint trauma, prolonged immobilization).

    Balance Assessment Tools

    • Functional assessment tools (tests or scales) to define deficits, establish a treatment plan, and achieve patient functional independence.
    • Functional tests must consider three aspects: functional skills, motor and sensory strategies, and sensory, motor, and cognitive deficiencies.
    • Examples of commonly used tests:
      • Balance ability Self assessment
      • Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale
      • Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I)
      • Berg Balance test (assesses balance in elderly and neurological patients)

    Berg Balance Test

    • Measures balance in elderly and neurological patients
    • Consists of an assessment of functional tasks
    • 14-item scale
    • Equipment: ruler, 2 chairs, stool, stopwatch
    • Time: 15-20 minutes
    • Scoring: 0-56 points
    • Interpretation:
      • 41-46: low fall risk
      • 21-40: medium fall risk
      • 0-20: high fall risk

    Evaluation of Equilibrium Strategies

    • Motor strategies:
      • Alignment (sitting and standing position)
      • Movement strategies (patient ability to maintain postural control)
    • Sensitive strategies:
      • Romberg Test
      • Dynamic posturography
      • Sensory Organization Test (SOT)
    • Visual strategies:
      • Ability to organize and select sensory information in response to changing visual conditions

    Gait Assessment

    • Gait is a neuromuscular and musculoskeletal action of the whole body that requires coordination of both legs and multiple joints and muscles.
    • Functional assessment tools to define deficits, establish a treatment plan, and achieve patient functional independence.
    • Functional tests must consider three aspects: functional skills, motor and sensory strategies, and sensory, motor, and cognitive deficiencies.

    Gait Assessment Tools

    • Cadence: 111-117 steps/min
    • Speed: 82 m/min (adult, normal speed on flat ground)
    • Monitoring tools:
      • Stopwatch
      • Podometer
      • Step watch activity monitor
    • Examples of commonly used tests:
      • Hoffer Functional Ambulation Scale
      • Figure of 8 walk test
      • Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire

    Evaluation of Gait Strategies

    • Functional Ambulation Classification
    • Ranches Los Amigos Walking Ability Questionnaire (RLAH)
    • Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA)
    • Motor Assessment Scale

    Scales Limitations

    • Mobility, balance, or general motor control does not provide information about the way in which the activity occurs.
    • These measures do not delve into the underlying deficits that require treatment.
    • Scales covering a wider range of gait abilities, especially in community living, are required.

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    Related Documents

    Balance and Gait Assessment PDF

    Description

    This quiz assesses knowledge of balance and gait, including the human body's ability to maintain positions and move, and the role of afferent systems in posture and movement. It covers the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems.

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