Bakteriolohian: Kinalamten yan Hemolysis

Gram-Positive Cocci

• Staphylococcus: Gram-positive cocci in grape-like clusters.
  • Staphylococcus Aureus: Coagulase test positive, novobiocin sensitive, beta hemolysis.
  • Staphylococcus Epidermidis: Coagulase test negative, novobiocin sensitive, non-hemolytic.
  • Staphylococcus Saprophyticus: Coagulase test negative, novobiocin resistant, non-hemolytic.

Coagulase Test

• Used to differentiate Staphylococcus species.
  • Positive: Clot formation indicates Staphylococcus Aureus.
  • Negative: No clot formation indicates other Staphylococcus species (e.g., Epidermidis, Saprophyticus).

Catalase Test

• Used to differentiate bacterial species including Staphylococcus species.
  • Positive: Bubbles formation indicates a positive test.
  • Negative: No bubble formation indicates a negative test.

Gram-Positive Bacteria with Spores - Clostridia

• Clostridia: Gram-positive bacilli with spores.
  • Lab diagnosis: Stool culture, toxin detection, PCR.
  • Causes: Diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

• Escherichia coli: Gram-negative bacilli.
  • Causes: Urinary tract infections, systemic infections, meningitis.
  • Specimen: Urine, stool, wound swab, blood.
  • Identification: MacConkey Agar (pink colonies), Indole test.

Streptococcus

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae:
  • Gram-positive cocci in chains.
  • Catalase: Negative
  • Hemolysis: Alpha hemolysis, sensitive to Optochin.
• Streptococcus Pyogenes:

  • Gram-positive cocci in chains.

  • Catalase: Negative

  • Hemolysis: Beta hemolysis

  • Identify with various tests (e.g., Bacitracin test, specific media)

Enterococcus Fecalis

• Enterococcus Fecalis: Gram-positive cocci in pairs or short chains.
  • Identification: Non-hemolytic blood agar, negative catalase test, and black colonies.

Neisseria

• Neisseria Meningitidis: Gram-negative cocci, diplococci

  • Causes: Meningitis
  • Specimen: CSF, blood, nasopharyngeal swab.
  • Identification: Oxidase and Catalase positive

• Neisseria Gonorrhoeae: Gram-negative cocci, diplococci

  • Causes: Gonorrhea
  • Specimen: Urethral swab (males), cervical swab (females)
  • Identification: Oxidase and Catalase positive. Thayer-Martin Medium.

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

• Gram-negative bacilli, capsulated
  • Causes: Pneumonia and other infections.
  • Specimen: Sputum, body fluids
  • Characteristics: Large mucoid pink colonies on MacConkey agar, negative Indole test.

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

• Gram-negative bacillus.
  • Causes: Urinary tract infection, nosocomial infections, pneumonia.
  • Identification: MacConkey non-lactose fermenting, Oxidase test positive

Helicobacter Pylori

• Bacteria
  • Causes: Gastritis, peptic ulcers (stomach)
  • Identification: Warthin-Starry Silver Stain, Urease Positive Test

Mycobacteria and Spirochetes

• Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB):

  • Acid-fast bacilli
  • Specimen: Sputum, bronchial washings, lung tissues.
  • Identification: Lowenstein-Jensen medium

• Treponema pallidum (syphilis):

  • Spirochete
  • Detection: TPHA, Dark Field Microscopy, VDRL.

Fungal Infections (Candida Albicans, Aspergillus)

• Candida Albicans Gram-positive budding yeast cells with pseudohyphae
  • Characteristics: White pasty colonies like cottage cheese
• Aspergillus: Mold.
  • Characteristics: Green velvety colonies, black granular colonies, lactophenol cotton blue.

Parasites (Plasmodium Falciparum)

• Plasmodium Falciparum: Causes malaria (fever)
  • Identification Ring-shaped trophozoites, gametocytes (crescent shape) in red blood cells

Treponema pallidum

• Causes syphilis
  • Identification: Dark field Microscopy, Silver stain, non specific and specific tests.

Helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides)

• Ascaris lumbricoides:
  • Causes gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Identification: Fecal analysis, look for eggs with oval shape and irregular surface, bile stained.

Viral-Associated Tests

• HIV:
  • Detection: ELISA, Rapid test (Immunochromatography), Western blot.

Este na kuiz giya bakteriolohian na kinalamten yan hemolysis para i varias bacterium. Håfa i kinalamten ni' i coagulase test, hemolysis, yan i antrada na bakteria komprende i Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, yan Neisseria. Maolek este na kuiz para i manhihita gi laboratorio.