Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary gas replaced in an anaerobic chamber after removing O2?
What is the primary gas replaced in an anaerobic chamber after removing O2?
- Helium
- Nitrogen (correct)
- Carbon Dioxide
- Argon
What triggers the starvation response in microbes?
What triggers the starvation response in microbes?
- Presence of harmful chemicals
- Accumulation of small signal molecules (correct)
- Increase in temperature
- Exposure to oxygen
What is the effect of moist heat compared to dry heat on microbial killing?
What is the effect of moist heat compared to dry heat on microbial killing?
- Moist heat is ineffective for killing microbes.
- Moist heat is equally effective as dry heat.
- Moist heat is less effective than dry heat.
- Moist heat is more effective than dry heat. (correct)
Which of the following signals can diffuse quickly throughout a microbial cell to initiate responses?
Which of the following signals can diffuse quickly throughout a microbial cell to initiate responses?
What kind of conditions can microbes potentially face in real-life environments?
What kind of conditions can microbes potentially face in real-life environments?
What is required to kill endospores effectively?
What is required to kill endospores effectively?
Which agent is NOT commonly used to kill microbes?
Which agent is NOT commonly used to kill microbes?
How do many microorganisms react to molecular oxygen?
How do many microorganisms react to molecular oxygen?
What is the primary function of the viral capsid?
What is the primary function of the viral capsid?
What characteristic defines icosahedral viruses?
What characteristic defines icosahedral viruses?
Which of the following describes how new viral pathogens emerge?
Which of the following describes how new viral pathogens emerge?
What role do glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope serve?
What role do glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope serve?
How do some viruses acquire their envelopes?
How do some viruses acquire their envelopes?
What is a significant feature that may be found in certain icosahedral viruses?
What is a significant feature that may be found in certain icosahedral viruses?
What can result when a virus mutates?
What can result when a virus mutates?
Which of the following viruses are examples of those that persist in the wild?
Which of the following viruses are examples of those that persist in the wild?
What characteristic distinguishes filamentous viruses?
What characteristic distinguishes filamentous viruses?
Which statement about viral genomes is true?
Which statement about viral genomes is true?
What occurs during the lytic cycle of bacteriophages?
What occurs during the lytic cycle of bacteriophages?
In tailed viruses like T4 bacteriophages, what is the structural composition?
In tailed viruses like T4 bacteriophages, what is the structural composition?
What triggers a bacteriophage to switch from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?
What triggers a bacteriophage to switch from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?
What aspect of phage injection into a bacterial cell is true?
What aspect of phage injection into a bacterial cell is true?
Which type of viral genome configuration is NOT possible?
Which type of viral genome configuration is NOT possible?
What is a requirement for all viruses regarding reproduction?
What is a requirement for all viruses regarding reproduction?
What is the first step in the lytic replication cycle of a bacteriophage?
What is the first step in the lytic replication cycle of a bacteriophage?
Which lifecycle does a bacteriophage typically follow when environmental cues threaten host cell survival?
Which lifecycle does a bacteriophage typically follow when environmental cues threaten host cell survival?
What remains outside the bacterial cell after a bacteriophage injects its genome?
What remains outside the bacterial cell after a bacteriophage injects its genome?
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the steps in the lytic replication cycle?
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the steps in the lytic replication cycle?
What typically dictates the decision between the lytic and lysogenic cycles for bacteriophages?
What typically dictates the decision between the lytic and lysogenic cycles for bacteriophages?
How do bacteriophages attach to their specific bacterial hosts?
How do bacteriophages attach to their specific bacterial hosts?
During the lytic cycle, what occurs immediately after a phage injects its genome into a bacterial cell?
During the lytic cycle, what occurs immediately after a phage injects its genome into a bacterial cell?
Which step follows 'Genome entry' in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?
Which step follows 'Genome entry' in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?
What role does RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase play in RNA viruses?
What role does RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase play in RNA viruses?
Which of the following is true about the assembly of new virions in animal viruses?
Which of the following is true about the assembly of new virions in animal viruses?
What mechanism do retroviruses use to integrate their genomic sequence into host DNA?
What mechanism do retroviruses use to integrate their genomic sequence into host DNA?
How are progeny viruses released from a host cell?
How are progeny viruses released from a host cell?
In the context of oncogenic viruses, what effect do they have on the host cell?
In the context of oncogenic viruses, what effect do they have on the host cell?
Which type of virus primarily utilizes the host's replication machinery?
Which type of virus primarily utilizes the host's replication machinery?
Where do enveloped viruses typically acquire their membranes during the budding process?
Where do enveloped viruses typically acquire their membranes during the budding process?
What is a common characteristic shared by all animal viruses during protein synthesis?
What is a common characteristic shared by all animal viruses during protein synthesis?
Study Notes
Bacteriophage Replication
- Bacteriophages require a host cell for reproduction.
- Infection requires:
- Host recognition and attachment
- Genome entry
- Assembly of virions
- Exit and transmission
Bacteriophages Infect a Bacterial Host
- Most phages inject their genome into a cell through the cell envelope.
- Phage capsid, often called a “ghost”, remains outside, attached to the cell surface.
Bacteriophage Life Cycles
- All bacteriophages can undergo a lytic cycle.
- Some bacteria can undergo a second lifecycle called the lysogenic cycle.
- Environmental cues dictate which cycle occurs.
- Events that threaten host cell survival trigger a lytic burst.
Animal Virus Replication Cycles
- The form of the genome determines the life cycle of an animal virus.
- DNA viruses utilize the host replication machinery.
- RNA viruses use an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase to transcribe their mRNA.
- Retroviruses use a reverse transcriptase to copy their genomic sequence into DNA for insertion in the host chromosome.
- All animal viruses make proteins with host ribosomes.
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
- New virions are assembled:
- Capsid and genome
- May occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus
- Envelope proteins are inserted into a membrane, either cell or organelle membrane
- Release of progeny viruses from the host cell occurs through:
- Lysis of the cell
- Budding:
- Virus passes through the membrane
- Membrane lipids surround the capsid to form the envelope
- All enveloped viruses bud from a membrane, either the plasma membrane or an organelle membrane
Oncogenic Viruses
- Many human cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.
- Oncogenic viruses transform the host cell to become cancerous.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the replication cycles of bacteriophages and animal viruses. This quiz covers the essential steps of infection, lifecycle variations, and the mechanisms viruses use to hijack host cells for reproduction. Refresh your understanding of virology and its complexities!
