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Questions and Answers
Which of the following bacteria does NOT require X and V factors for growth?
Which of the following bacteria does NOT require X and V factors for growth?
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for foodborne intestinal disease?
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for foodborne intestinal disease?
Which of the following bacteria is a pathogen of domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans via animal bites?
Which of the following bacteria is a pathogen of domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans via animal bites?
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis?
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis?
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Which of the following bacteria is known to cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer?
Which of the following bacteria is known to cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cyanobacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cyanobacteria?
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Which of the following bacteria is known to attack other gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following bacteria is known to attack other gram-negative bacteria?
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Which of the following bacteria is known as to be involved in urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections?
Which of the following bacteria is known as to be involved in urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections?
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What is the primary mode of movement for Spirochaetes?
What is the primary mode of movement for Spirochaetes?
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Which of the following bacteria is NOT a member of the Firmicutes group?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT a member of the Firmicutes group?
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Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing anthrax?
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing anthrax?
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What makes Deinococcus radiodurans a remarkable organism in the context of radiation resistance?
What makes Deinococcus radiodurans a remarkable organism in the context of radiation resistance?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Clostridiales?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Clostridiales?
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Which of the following bacterial species is known for its ability to survive in extremely hot environments?
Which of the following bacterial species is known for its ability to survive in extremely hot environments?
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What is the primary function of the axial filaments in Spirochaetes?
What is the primary function of the axial filaments in Spirochaetes?
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Which genus is known to cause conjunctivitis?
Which genus is known to cause conjunctivitis?
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Which of the following species is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections?
Which of the following species is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections?
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What is the causative agent of typhoid fever?
What is the causative agent of typhoid fever?
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Which organism is known for swarming motility and forming concentric rings of growth?
Which organism is known for swarming motility and forming concentric rings of growth?
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In the group of Enterobacteriales, which species is recognized as an indicator of fecal contamination?
In the group of Enterobacteriales, which species is recognized as an indicator of fecal contamination?
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Which of the following is a common cause of bacillary dysentery?
Which of the following is a common cause of bacillary dysentery?
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Which Gammaproteobacteria species is particularly resistant to antibiotics and acts as a respiratory pathogen?
Which Gammaproteobacteria species is particularly resistant to antibiotics and acts as a respiratory pathogen?
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What is the primary habitat for Vibrio cholerae?
What is the primary habitat for Vibrio cholerae?
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What is the name of the structure in which chlamydias are housed inside the host cell?
What is the name of the structure in which chlamydias are housed inside the host cell?
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Which stage of the chlamydia life cycle is responsible for reproduction?
Which stage of the chlamydia life cycle is responsible for reproduction?
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What is the name of the stage where chlamydias transition from a reproductive form to an infectious form?
What is the name of the stage where chlamydias transition from a reproductive form to an infectious form?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the elementary body?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the elementary body?
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What is the approximate duration of the chlamydial life cycle?
What is the approximate duration of the chlamydial life cycle?
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What is the main difference between an elementary body and a reticulate body?
What is the main difference between an elementary body and a reticulate body?
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Which of the following is NOT true about the chlamydial life cycle?
Which of the following is NOT true about the chlamydial life cycle?
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What is the significance of the chlamydial life cycle?
What is the significance of the chlamydial life cycle?
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What is a notable characteristic of prokaryotes?
What is a notable characteristic of prokaryotes?
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Which of the following groups is NOT part of the Proteobacteria?
Which of the following groups is NOT part of the Proteobacteria?
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What do Rickettsia, classified under Alphaproteobacteria, primarily cause?
What do Rickettsia, classified under Alphaproteobacteria, primarily cause?
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Which bacterium is responsible for whooping cough?
Which bacterium is responsible for whooping cough?
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What type of nutrition do most Proteobacteria utilize?
What type of nutrition do most Proteobacteria utilize?
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Neisseria meningitidis is associated with which medical condition?
Neisseria meningitidis is associated with which medical condition?
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Which of the following statements about Brucella is true?
Which of the following statements about Brucella is true?
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Which feature is common to all prokaryotes?
Which feature is common to all prokaryotes?
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What is the function of heterocysts in filamentous cyanobacteria?
What is the function of heterocysts in filamentous cyanobacteria?
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Which phylum of bacteria is known for carrying out anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Which phylum of bacteria is known for carrying out anoxygenic photosynthesis?
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Which of the following statements is true about Chlamydiae?
Which of the following statements is true about Chlamydiae?
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What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Which bacterium is considered possibly the world's most abundant photosynthetic organism?
Which bacterium is considered possibly the world's most abundant photosynthetic organism?
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Which of the following groups includes purple sulfur bacteria?
Which of the following groups includes purple sulfur bacteria?
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What distinction do chlorobi and chloroflexi share?
What distinction do chlorobi and chloroflexi share?
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What is a characteristic of the elementary bodies of Chlamydiae?
What is a characteristic of the elementary bodies of Chlamydiae?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
- Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome, not enclosed in a membrane
- They lack organelles
- Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan
- They reproduce by binary fission
Proteobacteria
- A large taxonomic group named after the Greek god Proteus, known for changing shape
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Chemoheterotrophic metabolism
- Five classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria
- Can grow with very low nutrient levels
- Some have stalks or buds known as prosthecae
- Include important pathogens:
- Rickettsia: Obligate intracellular parasites, cause spotted fevers (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever, epidemic typhus) transmitted by ticks and insects.
- Ehrlichia: Transmitted by ticks, cause ehrlichiosis
- Bartonella: Human pathogen, B. henselae causes cat-scratch disease
- Brucella: Obligate parasite of mammals, survives phagocytosis, causes brucellosis
Betaproteobacteria
- Include non-motile rods like Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough
- Contains Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis which cause gonorrhoea and meningococcal meningitis respectively
Gammaproteobacteria
- Includes several subclasses:
- Pseudomonadales: Opportunistic pathogens (nosocomial infections), diverse metabolism, often found in soil, and includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa (wound and urinary tract infections), Moraxella lacunata (conjunctivitis), Acinetobacter baumanii (respiratory pathogen, antibiotic resistant)
- Vibrionales: Found in aquatic habitats, includes Vibrio cholerae (cholera) and V. parahaemolyticus (gastroenteritis).
- Enterobacteriales: Commonly called enterics, found in the intestinal tract, ferment carbohydrates, facultative anaerobes (can live with or without oxygen) with peritrichous flagella; Escherichia coli (indicator of fecal contamination, foodborne illness, UTI infections), Salmonella (wide range of foodborne illnesses, especially Salmonella typhi causing typhoid fever), Shigella (bacillary dysentery), Klebsiella pneumoniae(pneumonia), Serratia (red pigment production, nosocomial infections), Proteus (swarming motility; colonies show concentric rings), Yersinia pestis (plague, transmitted via fleas). Various Enterobacter species are also found in this class.
- Pasteurellales: Pathogens of domestic animals, e.g., Pasteurella multocida; Haemophilus influenzae is involved with meningitis, earaches, and epiglottis
Deltaproteobacteria
- Contains Bdellovibrio: Attacks other gram-negative bacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria
- Helical or curved shape, microaerophilic
- Includes Campylobacter jejuni (foodborne intestinal disease) and Helicobacter (cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer)
The Nonproteobacteria (Gram-Negative Bacteria)
- Diverse group including Chlamydiae, Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria
- Chlamydiae: Lack peptidoglycan, grow intracellularly; Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma, urethritis), Chlamydophila psittaci (respiratory psittacosis), and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (pneumonia).
- Bacteroidetes: Anaerobic, found in the mouth and large intestine; Cytophaga degrades cellulose.
- Fusobacteria: Anaerobic, found in the mouth, cause dental abscesses.
Cyanobacteria (The Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria)
- Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis (2H₂O + CO₂ → (CH₂O) + H₂O + O₂)
- Many contain heterocysts for nitrogen fixation
- Possess gas vesicles for buoyancy
- Unicellular or filamentous
The Phyla Chlorobi and Chloroflexi (The Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria)
- Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis (2H₂S + CO₂ → (CH₂O) + H₂O + 2S°)
- Include green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobi), green nonsulfur bacteria (Chloroflexi), purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria.
Spirochaetes
- Coiled bacteria that move via axial filaments.
- Includes Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia (relapsing fever, Lyme disease), and Leptospira (excreted in animal urine).
Deinococcus-Thermus
- Deinococcus radiodurans: Extremely resistant to radiation.
- Thermus aquaticus: Found in hot springs, a source of Taq polymerase.
The Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Divided into Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria based on G+C ratios.
Firmicutes
- Low G + C ratio, Gram-positive
- Clostridiales: Endospore-producing, obligate anaerobes; Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens, C. difficile and C. tetani
- Bacillales: Endospore-producing rods; Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), B. thuringiensis(insect pathogen), B. cereus(food poisoning)
- Lactobacillales: Aerotolerant anaerobes, produce lactic acid; Lactobacillus (colonize body, food production), various Streptococcus species (spherical in chains; S. pyogenes(tissue destruction), S. pneumoniae and S. mutans(alpha-hemolysis, dental caries, and respiratory infections) -Enterococcus: Found in the intestinal tract; hospital contaminants; E. faecalis, and E. faecium; Listeria monocytogenes (food contaminants)
Tenericutes
- Low G+C ratio, lack a cell wall, pleomorphic; Mycoplasma pneumoniae (mild pneumonia).
Actinobacteria
- High G+C ratio, Gram-positive, often pleomorphic, branching filaments, important inhabitants of soil
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria),
- Propionibacterium acnes (acne),
- Gardnerella vaginalis (vaginitis),
- Streptomyces (antibiotics),
- Actinomyces (mouth and throat tissue destruction)
- Nocardia asteroides (pulmonary infections).
Diversity Within Archaea
- Extremophiles (halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens)
- Lack peptidoglycan.
Microbial Diversity
- Bacteria have a wide size range
- PCR determines the large number of bacterial species
- The majority of bacterial species haven't been identified or cultured and are part of interlinked, complex food chains.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various bacterial species and their characteristics. This quiz covers foodborne pathogens, bacteria related to gastrointestinal issues, and those involved in infections. Assess your understanding of the specific roles and behaviors of different bacteria.
