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Questions and Answers
What is the primary study of bacteria called?
What is the primary study of bacteria called?
Which of the following is NOT a way that pathogenic bacteria produce disease?
Which of the following is NOT a way that pathogenic bacteria produce disease?
What percentage of bacteria are known to cause disease in humans, animals, and plants?
What percentage of bacteria are known to cause disease in humans, animals, and plants?
Which of the following is NOT a use of bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a use of bacteria?
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Which of the following shapes is NOT a common bacterial shape?
Which of the following shapes is NOT a common bacterial shape?
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What distinguishes viruses from bacteria?
What distinguishes viruses from bacteria?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
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What are the primary components of bacterial cells?
What are the primary components of bacterial cells?
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What is the basic structure all viruses share?
What is the basic structure all viruses share?
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Which cycle of viral replication kills the host cell almost immediately?
Which cycle of viral replication kills the host cell almost immediately?
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Which of the following viruses specifically infects human T cells?
Which of the following viruses specifically infects human T cells?
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What role do receptor proteins play in viral infection?
What role do receptor proteins play in viral infection?
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Which method is ineffective for treating viral infections?
Which method is ineffective for treating viral infections?
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What is a key characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
What is a key characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
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How do vaccines help prevent viral infections?
How do vaccines help prevent viral infections?
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What is a major concern associated with the use of antibiotics?
What is a major concern associated with the use of antibiotics?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of antivirals?
Which of the following is a characteristic of antivirals?
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What role do vaccines play in the immune system?
What role do vaccines play in the immune system?
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What happens when there is a clearly defined zone of inhibition around an antibiotic disc?
What happens when there is a clearly defined zone of inhibition around an antibiotic disc?
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Which of the following describes a potential outcome when there's regrowth of bacteria around an antibiotic disc?
Which of the following describes a potential outcome when there's regrowth of bacteria around an antibiotic disc?
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Which of the following actions do antiviral drugs typically perform?
Which of the following actions do antiviral drugs typically perform?
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Which statement about antiviral resistance is true?
Which statement about antiviral resistance is true?
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Why are antivirals usually prescribed?
Why are antivirals usually prescribed?
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Study Notes
Bacteria
- Bacteriology is the study of bacteria
- Bacteria are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms with DNA and ribosomes.
- Bacteria possess all characteristics of living things.
- Bacteria comprise the largest percentage of biomass on Earth.
- Bacteria have three distinct shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla).
- Bacterial structures include a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, flagellum, DNA, and pili.
- Bacteria have various important uses: food production (yogurt, cheese), decomposing organic matter, nitrogen fixation, and biotechnology (antibiotics, insulin).
- Pathogenic bacteria cause disease by consuming healthy cells or releasing toxins that travel through the bloodstream.
- A small percentage of bacteria cause disease.
- Examples of bacterial diseases include food poisoning, tuberculosis, cholera, syphilis, ulcers, strep throat, scarlet fever, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis, pneumonia and leprosy, tetanus.
DNA Transfer
- DNA transfer occurs through conjugation, transduction and transformation
Viruses
- Virology is the study of viruses
- Viruses are biological entities containing DNA or RNA that require a host cell to replicate.
- Viruses possess some characteristics of life.
- Viruses are not considered living things because they cannot reproduce independently.
Viral Structure
- All viruses have a capsid (protein coat) and a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA).
- Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
- Viruses, unlike bacteria, cannot reproduce independenty.
How Viruses Work
- Viruses replicate by attaching to a host cell, injecting their genetic material, and using the host cell's machinery to make more viruses.
- Viruses can only infect specific cells as identified by their surface markers.
- A host cell can become a virus-making factory.
- Upon infection, host cells eventually burst, releasing new viruses.
Viral Replication Cycles
- Lytic cycle: A virus takes over the host cell’s genetic material and uses its resources to replicate until the host cell bursts. The virus kills the host cell quickly.
- Lysogenic cycle: The virus's nucleic acid integrates into the host cell's chromosome, forming a provirus. This virus remains dormant until the cell is activated, undergoing multiple cell divisions.
- During the lysogenic cycle, the host cell is not always killed immediately.
How do Pathogenic Bacteria Work
- Using cells for food: bacteria break down healthy cells, destroying tissues
- Releasing toxins: bacteria produce a toxin (which is a poisonous protein) that travels throughout the body and damages tissues.
Protection
- Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
- Antibiotics target specific bacterial structures to kill them.
- Antibiotics can be derived from a fungus (penicillin) or can be artificially made.
- Antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern.
- Antivirals are drugs that treat viral infections; they only shorten viral infection symptoms for a few days; not cure or eliminate the virus.
- Vaccines are used to prevent infections by "tricking" the immune system into making antibodies that destroy viruses and bacteria.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of bacteriology, including the characteristics, structures, and functions of bacteria. It delves into the different bacterial shapes and their roles in food production, biotechnology, and disease causation. Additionally, it highlights the significance of bacteria in the ecosystem and human health.
