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Which type of bacteria thrives in temperatures ranging from 0°C to 20°C, with an optimal growth temperature of 15°C?
Which type of bacteria thrives in temperatures ranging from 0°C to 20°C, with an optimal growth temperature of 15°C?
Psychrotrophs can cause food spoilage even when stored in a refrigerator.
Psychrotrophs can cause food spoilage even when stored in a refrigerator.
True (A)
What is the optimal growth temperature range for mesophiles?
What is the optimal growth temperature range for mesophiles?
25°C to 45°C
Thermophiles are often found in environments like ______ and hot springs.
Thermophiles are often found in environments like ______ and hot springs.
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Match the following types of anaerobic bacteria with their characteristics:
Match the following types of anaerobic bacteria with their characteristics:
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Obligate aerobes can survive and grow in the absence of oxygen.
Obligate aerobes can survive and grow in the absence of oxygen.
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Give an example of an obligate aerobe bacteria.
Give an example of an obligate aerobe bacteria.
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Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing tetanus and botulism?
Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing tetanus and botulism?
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Who developed the first antibiotic known as Penicillin?
Who developed the first antibiotic known as Penicillin?
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Ignaz Semmelweis advocated for hand washing to significantly reduce maternal mortality rates.
Ignaz Semmelweis advocated for hand washing to significantly reduce maternal mortality rates.
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What was the key achievement of Paul Ehrlich in the late 1800s?
What was the key achievement of Paul Ehrlich in the late 1800s?
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Martinus Beijerinck was the first person to study about _____, identifying viruses that cause several diseases.
Martinus Beijerinck was the first person to study about _____, identifying viruses that cause several diseases.
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Match the following individuals with their contributions:
Match the following individuals with their contributions:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a biological infectious agent?
Which of the following is NOT considered a biological infectious agent?
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A virus can grow and replicate outside a living cell.
A virus can grow and replicate outside a living cell.
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What is the term for an organism that originates from the environment?
What is the term for an organism that originates from the environment?
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Infections transmitted through contaminated food with human and animal feces are often caused by ______.
Infections transmitted through contaminated food with human and animal feces are often caused by ______.
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Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the 'chain of infection' model?
Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the 'chain of infection' model?
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Match the following routes of infection transmission with their descriptions:
Match the following routes of infection transmission with their descriptions:
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Give one example of an infectious disease transmitted through the respiratory tract.
Give one example of an infectious disease transmitted through the respiratory tract.
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All six links in the chain of infection must be present to prevent transmission of infection
All six links in the chain of infection must be present to prevent transmission of infection
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Which of the following is NOT a way that humans can be exposed to blood and bodily fluids?
Which of the following is NOT a way that humans can be exposed to blood and bodily fluids?
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Zika virus is spread through the bite of infected dogs
Zika virus is spread through the bite of infected dogs
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What type of infection is caused by Treponema pallidum?
What type of infection is caused by Treponema pallidum?
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Consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk, and raw eggs can lead to food poisoning caused by ________ bacteria.
Consumption of raw meat, unpasteurized milk, and raw eggs can lead to food poisoning caused by ________ bacteria.
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Which of the following diseases is NOT typically transmitted through the air?
Which of the following diseases is NOT typically transmitted through the air?
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Match the following diseases with their primary modes of transmission:
Match the following diseases with their primary modes of transmission:
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Clostridum botulinum causes tetanus.
Clostridum botulinum causes tetanus.
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Besides bacteria, what other type of microorganism can be a primary cause of waterborne diarrhea?
Besides bacteria, what other type of microorganism can be a primary cause of waterborne diarrhea?
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Which of the following is NOT a way vectors can transmit infectious diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a way vectors can transmit infectious diseases?
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Microorganisms always enter the body through a different route than they used to leave the source.
Microorganisms always enter the body through a different route than they used to leave the source.
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Besides mosquitos, name two other examples of vectors.
Besides mosquitos, name two other examples of vectors.
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A person with increased risk of infection is called a ______ host
A person with increased risk of infection is called a ______ host
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Match the route of infection with the way diseases enter the body:
Match the route of infection with the way diseases enter the body:
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Which age groups are generally more susceptible to diseases?
Which age groups are generally more susceptible to diseases?
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Urinary tract infections are more common in males due to anatomical differences.
Urinary tract infections are more common in males due to anatomical differences.
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How does stress affect a person’s susceptibility to infection?
How does stress affect a person’s susceptibility to infection?
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What is the main purpose of a vaccine?
What is the main purpose of a vaccine?
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All microorganisms can cause diseases.
All microorganisms can cause diseases.
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What term is used to describe infections transmitted from animals to humans?
What term is used to describe infections transmitted from animals to humans?
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The ability of a microbial strain to produce disease is known as ______.
The ability of a microbial strain to produce disease is known as ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What type of culture includes cell lines?
What type of culture includes cell lines?
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Normal flora in the body is the same throughout all areas.
Normal flora in the body is the same throughout all areas.
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What term describes the effect of nonpathogens that have been misplaced in the body, turning pathogenic?
What term describes the effect of nonpathogens that have been misplaced in the body, turning pathogenic?
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Study Notes
Microbiology & Parasitology - RNB 10102
- The modern science of microbiology began about 100 years ago.
- Microbiology is the study of micro-organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.
- These include bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, and viruses.
- Only a small percentage of microorganisms are capable of causing disease (pathogenic).
- The majority of microorganisms help maintain the balance of life in our environment.
Learning Outcomes
- Students should be able to define microbiology.
- Identify the importance of microbes in our lives.
- Identify the contributions of individuals or scientists to microbiology.
- Discuss Koch's Postulates, Edward Jenner's, and Louis Pasteur's work.
- Explain the germ theory of disease.
- Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis.
Introduction to Microbiology
- The word "microbiology" is derived from the Greek words "micros" (small), "bios" (life), and "logy" (study of).
- Microbiology is a branch of biology dealing with simple life forms, usually single-celled organisms, that are not visible to the naked eye.
History of Microbiology
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): Started the field of microbiology, used 300X magnification lenses to observe microorganisms.
- Robert Hooke (1665): Popularized the use of the compound microscope. Laid groundwork for cell theory.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation (1650-1850)
- Spontaneous generation theory: belief that some life forms arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
- Francesco Redi (1626-1697): Among the first to call into question spontaneous generation, performed experiments with decaying meat to disprove the idea.
- John Tyndall (1668-1859): Showed that "optically pure" air (extremely filtered) contains no microorganisms.
The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)
- Beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries on the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and microbial drugs.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- Demonstrated that microbes are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions but that air itself does not create microbes.
- Performed experiments that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
- Invented the "swan neck" flask.
- Microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
- Contributed to the discovery and use of solid media in microbiology.
- Discovered the causative agents of anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera.
- Developed Koch's Postulates (criteria for proving a specific microbe cause a particular disease).
The Germ Theory of Disease
- Koch's postulates
- The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease.
- The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture.
- Inoculation of a culture into a healthy susceptible animal must produce the same disease.
- The bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.
Microbiology Practical Application
- The study of microbiology helps nurses to understand how disease-producing microorganisms enter, exit, and spread through the body.
- Nurses must understand principles of disinfection and effects of drugs on microorganisms.
- Proper collection of specimens for bacteriological examination is important along with interpreting laboratory reports.
Microbiology - Summary
- Microbiology is a study of microorganisms.
- Key figures include Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke.
- Key scientific theories include the germ theory of disease and Koch's postulates.
- Important applications include vaccination, hygiene, and antimicrobial treatment.
Common Terminologies in Microbiology
- Active Immunity: Immunity developed by producing antibodies in response to an antigen.
- Aerobe: Organism that grows in the presence of oxygen.
- Anaerobe: Organism that grows in the absence of oxygen.
- Antibiotic: Substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits growth of other microorganisms
- Antibody: Protein produced in response to a specific antigen.
- Antigen: Substance that causes an immune response.
- Antimicrobial agent: Agent that stops growth or destroys microorganisms.
- Antiseptic: Chemical that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on living tissue.
- Antiserum: Serum containing antibiotics against a particular infectious agent.
- Antitoxin: Antibody against a particular toxin.
- Aseptic: Free from contamination.
- Autoclave: Sterilizer that uses steam under pressure.
- Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
- Bacteraemia: Bacteria present in the blood.
- Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
- Biocide: Chemical agent to kill or destroy microorganisms.
- Biopsy: Tissue sample for examination.
- Capsule: Viscous layer outside the cell wall (found in some bacteria and fungi).
- Carrier: Person who harbours a pathogen but doesn't develop illness.
- Chemoprophylaxis: Administration of drugs to prevent a disease.
- Contagious disease: Disease spread by direct contact.
- Culture: Process of growing cells, tissues, etc. under controlled conditions.
- Disease: Infection with a particular agent causes harm to the body.
- Disinfectant: Chemical that kills microorganisms but not necessarily the spores.
- Electrolysis: chemical that balances the water balance between the cell and surrounding medium.
- Endemic disease: Disease constantly present in particular area.
- Endogenous: Originated from within the body.
- Endotoxin: Heat-stable toxic substance found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria cells.
- Epidemic disease: Rapidly spreading disease in an area.
- Epidemiology: Study of epidemics.
- Exogenous: Originated from outside the body.
- Exotoxin: Heat-labile protein secreted by certain bacteria
- Fomites: Inanimate objects that carry pathogens.
- Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms.
- Gene: Unit of inheritance
- Immunity: Resistance to an infectious disease.
- Incubation period: Time between infection and symptoms
- Infection: Invasion of body tissue by a pathogen.
- Morbidity: Disease conditions or state.
- Mortality: Loss of life or death.
- Motile: Capable of movement
- Mycology: Study of fungi.
- Nosocomial infection: Acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility environment
- Nucleus: Essential component of the cell containing genetic material.
- Outbreak: Sudden increase in a disease.
- Oxidation: Chemical process combining oxygen with another element.
- Pandemic: Worldwide epidemic.
- Parasite: Organism that benefits by living on or in another organism.
- Pathogen: Organism that causes disease.
- Phagocytosis: Engulfing process by phagocytes.
- Pigment: Colored substance
- Purulent: Containing pus
- Pus: Yellowish fluid.
- Passive immunity: Immunity mediated via antibodies acquired from outside the body
- Positive chemotaxis: Movement toward a stimuli
- Prodromal period: Time between the onset of non specific symptoms and the onset of specific symptoms.
- Prokaryotes: Unicellular organism that do not have a membrane bound nucleus.
- Prokaryote, eukaryotes: Classification according to whether cells have a nucleus or not
- Portal of entry: Doorways into the body
- Portal of exit: Route by which a pathogen leaves the body
- Reservoir: Place where pathogens live and thrive
- Rash: Eruption of the skin in spots or patches
- Redness: Increased blood flow to an injured area
- Room temperature: Usually between 22°C and 25°C
- Sepsis: Presence of bacteria or other infectious agent or their toxins in the blood or other body tissue
- Septicaemia: Blood poisoning
- Serological reactions: Antigen-antibody reactions in vitro
- Spore: Resting cell of a microorganism that is highly resistant to external factors.
- Sterile: Free from harmful organisms
- Sterilization: Process of destroying microorganisms and pathogens
- Species: Group of similar organisms
- Spirilla: Spiral shaped bacteria
- Sputum: Mucous from the lungs
- Stationary phase: Phase in bacterial growth where the rate of cell division = cell death
- Stress: Prolonged physical or emotional stress
- Symptom: Feeling or manifestation of a disease or disorder
- Systemic infection: Pathogen spreads and damages different parts of the body.
- Taxonomy: Classification of organisms on hierarchical levels
- Temperature: Ideal for growth varies among organisms
- Tissues culture: Cultivating virus, tissues etc. in a petri dish.
- Toxins: Harmful substances for living organisms
- Toxoid: Inactivated toxin used in vaccines
- Trophozoites: Active vegetative stage in the life cycle of some parasites
- Unicellular: Containing only one cell
- Vaccines: Immunizing substances to induce immunity to a specific microorganism
- Viable: Able to sustain life
- Virus: Small infectious agent that only replicates inside cells of another living organism.
- Vectors: Organism that transmit pathogens from host to host, frequently insects.
- Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen
- Vibrio: Comma-shaped bacteria
- Water: Important for bacterial growth.
- Weight loss: Decrease in weight.
- What are the sources of infection: Endogenous and exogenous infections.
- Whipworm: Infecting human through consuming contaminated food and water
- X-rays: Diagnostic test to view body structures and abnormalities.
- Yeasts: Unicellular organisms from the fungi kingdom.
- Zoonoses: Diseases transmitted between animals and humans.
Microbiology - Classification of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms are classified based on size, structure, and reproduction methods.
- Major groups include: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, mycoplasma, and rickettsiae.
- Bacteria are classified by their shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
- Bacteria arrangements include:
- monococcus (single)
- diplococcus (in pairs)
- staphylococci (grape-like clusters)
- streptococci (in chains)
- tetrad (in groups of 4)
- sarcina (in groups of 8)
- Gram staining differentiates bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative.
- Staining methods include gram stain, acid-fast stain, and simple stain.
- Bacteria can be identified through chemical testing.
- Examples of diseases caused by bacteria include boils, toxic-shock syndrome, osteomyelitis (severe bone infections)
Microbiology - Viruses
- Viruses are small infectious agents that only replicate inside cells of another living organism.
- Viruses are classified, based on; Human/animal virus, plant virus, insect virus, bacteria virus.
- Human viruses are categorized into; Respiratory viruses, Enteric viruses, Arboviruses.
- Types of viruses vary in diameter.
- Viruses are composed of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA but not both) and a protein coat, (called capsid).
- Different types of Viruses have different shapes, including polyhedral, spherical, helical, and complex.
- Viruses replicate through a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
Microbiology - Fungi
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores.
- Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are examples of fungi.
- Common applications of fungi include fermentation (e.g., of foods like beer, wine, and soy sauce) and in producing some antibiotics.
- Fungal infections in humans, also known as mycoses, can be superficial.
- Common examples of fungal infections include ringworm (tinea) and candidiasis.
- Fungi causes serious infection, such as, histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis.
Microbiology - Algae
- Algae are plant-like protists.
- Algae range from unicellular to multicellular forms.
- Algae have photosynthetic machinery.
- Four types of algae include; Brown algae, red algae, green algae, and blue-green algae (or cyanobacteria).
- Algae exposure can cause; Skin and eye irritations, allergic reactions, gastrointestinal upset.
Microbiology - Growth & Reproduction of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms, aim for growth and reproduction.
- Factors that regulate growth include nutrients (including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and vitamins/trace elements), moisture, temperature, gases (oxygen and air), pH (acidity and alkalinity), and osmotic pressure.
- Light and radiation also affect microbial growth.
- Microbial growth curves display four phases
- Lag Phase, Exponential phase, Stationary phase and Death phase.
- Viral reproduction is accomplished through a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle.
- Fungal reproduction is through sporulation. Fungi commonly reproduce sexually or asexually.
Microbiology - Infection Control & Prevention
- Standard Precautions: Procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms.
- Standard Precautions should be applied to all patients.
Microbiology - Isolation Practices
- Isolation practices are used to prevent transmission of microorganisms from infected or colonized patients to other patients, visitors, and healthcare workers.
- It is divided into 3 types
- Airborne precautions
- Droplet precautions
- Contact precautions
Microbiology - Handling & Disposal of Sharps
- Standard precautions must be used if there is a chance of body fluids being carried to another person through medical equipment.
- Use needles, syringes, and other items/instruments containing contaminants in puncture-resistant containers.
- Safely dispose of contaminated instruments/equipment.
- Safely manage needle stick injuries and splashes with body fluid.
Microbiology - Staff Health
- Prevention of acquiring infections via immunisation, covering lesions, restricting non-immune or pregnant staff.
- Prevention of transmitting infections by seeking medical advice when suffering infections, promptly reporting accidents and untoward incidents.
Parasitology - Introduction to Parasitology
- Medical parasitology is the study of parasites that infect humans.
- They cause diseases in many people in tropical countries, often resulting in severe medical conditions including blindness.
Parasitology - Definitions
- Parasitology: The study of parasites
- Parasite: An organism that benefits by living on or in another organism at the expense of the host.
- Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship where one party is benefited and one party is harmed.
- Obligate parasite: Parasites which is entirely dependant on the host
- Facultative parasite: Organism which can be parasitic but doesn't have to live as a parasite
- Ectoparasites: Parasites that live on the surface of the host.
- Endoparasites: Parasites that live within the body of the host.
- Commensal: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed.
- Host: An organism which harbors the parasite.
- Definitive host: The host that harbors the adult or sexually mature stages of a parasite.
- Intermediate host: The host that harbors the larval or asexual form of a parasite.
- Paratenic host: A host which act as a transporting agent for the parasite and in which parasites do not undergo any development.
- Compromised host: The host in whose normal defense mechanism has impaired, (e.g. AIDS).
- Pathogenicity: The ability of a parasite to produce a disease.
- Zoonosis: Diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
- Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen.
- Vector: An agent (usually an insect), that transmit an infection from one host to another.
Parasitology – Common Protozoa
- Protozoa: Unicellular organisms
- Types of protozoa: Amoebae, flagellates, sporozoa, ciliates.
- Diseases of interest include; Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis, trophozoites, precystic and cystic stages.), Trichomonas vaginalis. Malaria and Toxoplasma gondii.
Parasitology – Common Helminths
- Helminths: Large, multicellular organisms, (flatworms and roundworms.)
- Types of helminths include; fluke (trematodes), tapeworms (cestodes) and roundworms (Nematodes)
- Life cycle; Eggs, Larvae and Adults
Parasitology - Portal of Entry
- Portal of entry is the entry point for a parasite into the host.
- Oral (mouth)
- Skin
- Sexual contact
- Inhalation
- latrogenic (medical procedure)
Parasitology - Diagnosis
- Fecal examination
- Serological tests
- Radiological examination
- Ultrasound
- Culture and sensitivity (stool/fluid)
- Sigmoidoscopy
- Mouth scraping/nasal discharge
- Tissue biopsy/skin
Parasitology - Treatment
- Drugs used in treating parasitic infections include; Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Paromomycin, Iodoquinol, and Albendazole, Mebendazole, Ivermectin.
Parasitology - Prevention
- Personal hygiene (handwashing)
- Cooking food thoroughly
- Proper water treatment/filtration
- Avoid contact with infected animals/vectors
- Proper waste disposal
- Wear appropriate protective clothing when in high risk areas
General Study Material
- Important information regarding treatment and prevention of certain diseases should be summarized across subjects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on different types of bacteria, their optimal growth temperatures, and historical contributions to microbiology. This quiz covers psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, and more. Explore the key achievements of pioneers like Ignaz Semmelweis and Paul Ehrlich in the field of medicine.
