Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of endotoxins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of endotoxins?
- More potent than exotoxins
- Released during exponential growth phase
- Heat-labile
- Heat-stable (correct)
What is the primary component of endotoxins in Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the primary component of endotoxins in Gram-negative bacteria?
- Peptidoglycan
- Teichoic acid
- Lipopolysaccharides (correct)
- Proteins
Which event typically leads to the release of endotoxins?
Which event typically leads to the release of endotoxins?
- Active secretion by the bacterium
- Capsule formation
- Cell lysis (correct)
- Spore formation
What is a key characteristic differentiating exotoxins from endotoxins?
What is a key characteristic differentiating exotoxins from endotoxins?
What is a notable property of exotoxins?
What is a notable property of exotoxins?
During which phase of bacterial growth are exotoxins typically released?
During which phase of bacterial growth are exotoxins typically released?
Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin?
Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin?
What is a common route of exit for pathogens from an infected host?
What is a common route of exit for pathogens from an infected host?
Which bodily fluid can serve as a portal of exit for pathogens?
Which bodily fluid can serve as a portal of exit for pathogens?
What area of study focuses on the causes of diseases?
What area of study focuses on the causes of diseases?
What type of infection is confined to a specific tissue?
What type of infection is confined to a specific tissue?
What occurs when an infection spreads from a local site to other tissues?
What occurs when an infection spreads from a local site to other tissues?
Which type of infection involves pathogens spreading throughout the body?
Which type of infection involves pathogens spreading throughout the body?
What term describes the presence of bacteria in the blood?
What term describes the presence of bacteria in the blood?
What condition results from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood?
What condition results from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood?
What is indicated by the presence of toxins in the blood?
What is indicated by the presence of toxins in the blood?
What medical condition is defined by the presence of viruses in the blood?
What medical condition is defined by the presence of viruses in the blood?
What is the term for the period between initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms?
What is the term for the period between initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms?
Which stage of infection is characterized by nonspecific symptoms like discomfort and fatigue?
Which stage of infection is characterized by nonspecific symptoms like discomfort and fatigue?
What is the period of recovery from an infection called?
What is the period of recovery from an infection called?
What is the process of restoring function to diseased tissue?
What is the process of restoring function to diseased tissue?
What is the term for an infection involving multiple infectious agents at the same site?
What is the term for an infection involving multiple infectious agents at the same site?
Which type of infection appears rapidly with severe symptoms?
Which type of infection appears rapidly with severe symptoms?
What is the term for an infection that persists for a long period?
What is the term for an infection that persists for a long period?
What is an initial infection called?
What is an initial infection called?
What is an infection that follows a primary infection called?
What is an infection that follows a primary infection called?
How is an infection with no apparent symptoms best described?
How is an infection with no apparent symptoms best described?
Which of these is a portal of exit for pathogens?
Which of these is a portal of exit for pathogens?
What is the defining characteristic of a systemic infection?
What is the defining characteristic of a systemic infection?
What is the primary difference between bacteremia and septicemia?
What is the primary difference between bacteremia and septicemia?
Which period is characterized by the very first, often nonspecific, symptoms of a disease?
Which period is characterized by the very first, often nonspecific, symptoms of a disease?
Following a severe illness, what does the rehabilitation phase primarily focus on?
Following a severe illness, what does the rehabilitation phase primarily focus on?
Which term describes a disease that develops rapidly with distinct symptoms?
Which term describes a disease that develops rapidly with distinct symptoms?
What characterizes a subclinical infection?
What characterizes a subclinical infection?
How do exotoxins typically affect the host?
How do exotoxins typically affect the host?
What is the key characteristic of endotoxins that affects its stability?
What is the key characteristic of endotoxins that affects its stability?
What must occur for endotoxins to be released and cause an effect?
What must occur for endotoxins to be released and cause an effect?
Shiga toxin is an example of what?
Shiga toxin is an example of what?
Flashcards
Lipopolysaccharides (Endotoxins)
Lipopolysaccharides (Endotoxins)
Component of gram-negative cell walls, released upon cell lysis; less potent and specific than exotoxins.
Exotoxins
Exotoxins
Proteins released by bacteria during exponential growth; more potent and specific than endotoxins.
Portal of Exit
Portal of Exit
The site where a pathogen leaves the infected host.
Etiology
Etiology
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Local Infection
Local Infection
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Focal Infection
Focal Infection
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Systemic Infection
Systemic Infection
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Bacteremia
Bacteremia
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Septicemia
Septicemia
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Toxemia
Toxemia
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Viremia
Viremia
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Incubation Period
Incubation Period
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Prodromal Stage
Prodromal Stage
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Convalescence
Convalescence
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Mixed Infection
Mixed Infection
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Acute Infection
Acute Infection
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Chronic Infection
Chronic Infection
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Primary Infection
Primary Infection
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Secondary Infection
Secondary Infection
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Subclinical Infection
Subclinical Infection
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Study Notes
- Lipopolysaccharides are released from the gram-negative cell wall during cell lysis, which can be caused by host defenses or antibiotics.
- Lipopolysaccharides are less potent and less specific than exotoxins.
- Lipopolysaccharides are heat-stable but can be affected by oxidizing agents like peroxide.
- Shiga toxin is an example of lipopolysaccharide.
- Exotoxins are proteins released by bacteria during the exponential growth phase.
- Exotoxins are more potent and specific than endotoxins.
- Exotoxins are heat-labile and can be affected by acids and proteolytic enzymes.
- Enterotoxin, neurotoxin, leukocidin, and hemolysin are examples of exotoxins, named according to their target tissue.
- Portal of exit is where a pathogen leaves the infected person.
- The portal of exit is often the same as the portal of entry.
- Pathogens exit the host through defecation, blood, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, respiratory droplets, tears, and earwax.
- Etiology is the study of the cause of disease.
Patterns of Infection
- Local infections occur when an organism enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue.
- Focal infections involve a pathogen spreading from a local infection to other tissues.
- Systemic infections spread to several sites and tissues, usually via the circulatory system.
- Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood.
- Septicemia is a systemic infection caused by the multiplication of pathogens in the blood.
- Toxemia is the presence of toxins in the blood.
- Viremia is the presence of viruses in the blood.
Stages of Infection
- The incubation period is the time from initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms.
- The prodromal stage involves the earliest, nonspecific symptoms of infection, such as discomfort, weakness, headache, muscle pain, and upset stomach.
- Convalescence is the recovery period.
- Rehabilitation maximizes the function of diseased tissue.
- Mixed infection involves several infectious agents establishing themselves at the same site concurrently.
- Acute infection appears rapidly with severe symptoms and vanishes rapidly.
- Chronic infection presents usually less severe symptoms but persists for long periods.
- Primary infection is the initial infection.
- Secondary infection follows a primary infection.
- Subclinical infection exhibits no apparent symptoms and can persist for long periods.
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